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This article attempts to shed light on the remarkable world of the Armenian Gampr, also known as the Armenian Wolfhound. Let’s delve into their impressive characteristics, from their strength and agility to their protective nature. Uncover details about their size, bite force, lifespan, temperament, and the factors influencing their cost. Let’s discover the unique and striking appearance of this rare and loyal breed. < Back Armenian Gampr - The Best Shepherd Dog This article attempts to shed light on the remarkable world of the Armenian Gampr, also known as the Armenian Wolfhound. Let’s delve into their impressive characteristics, from their strength and agility to their protective nature. Uncover details about their size, bite force, lifespan, temperament, and the factors influencing their cost. Let’s discover the unique and striking appearance of this rare and loyal breed. Armenian Gampr: An Overview The Armenian Gampr, also known as the Armenian Wolfhound, is a breed of flock guardian dog native to the Armenian Highlands. This breed is known for its strength, agility, and endurance. Despite their relative rarity outside their homeland, there is much to admire about these affectionate and fearless dogs. They are large, strong, and headstrong with a commanding presence. There is even a statue in Yerevan's Circular Park erected in honor of Armenian Gampr (Sculptor Levon Tokmajyan, 2018) Armenian Gampr Weight and Size Armenian Gamprs are large dogs. Males typically weigh an average of 55 kg (120 lb), while females average around 50 kg (110 lb)1. However, some sources suggest that the weight can range from 60-100 lbs (27-45 kg) 3 or even up to 135 pounds. In terms of size, males typically stand between 25 to 28 inches (64 to 72 cm) at the shoulder, while females are slightly smaller, ranging from 24 to 26 inches (61 to 66 cm) in height. https://video.wixstatic.com/video/103e0a_4c9a02324ff54121a7b39bcc3417a36e/1080p/mp4/file.mp4 Like all dogs, Gamprs can exhibit unusually aggressive behavior during breeding periods. I encountered some of them on my solo hiking trip to Tirinkatar Sacred Valley, but fortunately, I kept my cold-heartedness and managed to distance myself from their aggressive attacks! Armenian Gampr Bite Force The bite force of an Armenian Gampr is considered ordinary when compared to other dog breeds, but it is still quite powerful. The bite force measurements typically fall within the range of 200 to 400 PSI. However, some sources suggest that the bite force could be as high as 650 PSI. (PSI stands for pounds per square inch. In the context of the bite force of animals, including dogs, it represents the amount of force exerted over one square inch. So, when referring to the bite force of an Armenian Gampr, it means the pressure applied by the dog's bite over a specific area.) Armenian Gampr Lifespan The average lifespan of an Armenian Gampr is typically around 10 to 14 years. However, some sources suggest that they can live between 12 and 15 years. Armenian Gampr Temperament Despite their size and strength, Armenian Gamprs are not inherently aggressive. They are known for their aloof, intelligent, gentle, and protective nature4. They can be fiercely protective of their charges and have unwavering loyalty to their owners2. They are not the kind of dog that will enjoy playing games but the Gampr will stop at nothing to defend its family. Armenian Gampr Cost The cost of an Armenian Gampr can vary depending on various factors such as the breeder, the pedigree of the puppy, and its overall health. On average, an Armenian Gampr has an initial cost of about $1000 to $1500. However, some sources suggest that the price can range between $1600 and $1900. Armenian Gampr Colors The coat of an Armenian Gampr may be of any color. Common coat colors include white, black, brown, gray, or brindle. https://video.wixstatic.com/video/103e0a_cc5b952fbd0a43a28d36033e384136d2/1080p/mp4/file.mp4 These gamprs whom I met on the shore of Lake Nazeli (Geghama mountains) were very friendly and a little bit shy... kept a distance from me! In conclusion, the Armenian Gampr is a remarkable breed known for its strength, loyalty, and endurance. As a devoted companion and guardian, these dogs form close bonds with their families and are fiercely protective of their charges. Despite their size and strength, they are not inherently aggressive and are known for their gentle and protective nature. They are large, strong, and headstrong with a commanding presence. Their cost can vary, but they are generally quite expensive due to their rarity. Their coat can be of any color, adding to their unique and striking appearance. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Acclimatization is the physiological process by which your body adjusts to lower oxygen levels (hypoxia) at high altitudes. As you ascend, the atmospheric pressure decreases, meaning there are fewer oxygen molecules in each breath you take. This reduced oxygen availability can lead to altitude sickness, a range of potentially serious conditions. Proper acclimatization is crucial for safe and enjoyable mountaineering, especially when tackling peaks above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet). Let’s talk about the process. < Back Acclimatization: The Key to Safe and Successful High-Altitude Climbing Acclimatization is the physiological process by which your body adjusts to lower oxygen levels (hypoxia) at high altitudes. As you ascend, the atmospheric pressure decreases, meaning there are fewer oxygen molecules in each breath you take. This reduced oxygen availability can lead to altitude sickness, a range of potentially serious conditions. Proper acclimatization is crucial for safe and enjoyable mountaineering, especially when tackling peaks above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet). Let’s talk about the process. To grasp the importance of acclimatization in mountaineering, imagine this: if a person were to suddenly arrive at the summit of Mount Everest (8,848 meters) from sea level without proper acclimatization, their body would face an immediate, life-threatening crisis due to the extreme altitude and severe lack of oxygen. Here's what would happen: 1. Severe Hypoxia (Lack of Oxygen) At the summit of Everest, the atmospheric pressure is only about one-third of that at sea level, meaning the oxygen available is drastically reduced. Without acclimatization, the body cannot extract enough oxygen to sustain basic physiological functions. This would lead to confusion, loss of consciousness, and eventually death if oxygen isn't supplied immediately. 2. Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) Symptoms like headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue would set in almost instantly due to the lack of oxygen. 3. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) The sudden exposure to high altitude could cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs, leading to extreme shortness of breath, a dry cough that may progress to pink frothy sputum, and a feeling of suffocation. 4. High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) Swelling in the brain due to hypoxia could occur, leading to confusion, hallucinations, loss of coordination, and possibly coma. 5. Extreme Fatigue and Circulatory Stress The lack of oxygen would place immense strain on the cardiovascular system. The heart rate would skyrocket in an attempt to deliver more oxygen to tissues, while muscles would rapidly tire, rendering movement almost impossible. 6. Rapid Deterioration and Likely Death Within minutes to hours, the combination of hypoxia, fluid buildup in the lungs and brain, and the body's inability to adapt would lead to death unless immediate medical intervention, such as supplemental oxygen and descent to a lower altitude, is provided. This scenario underscores the importance of gradual acclimatization, which allows the body to adapt to lower oxygen levels by increasing red blood cell production, improving oxygen delivery to tissues, and reducing the risk of altitude-related illnesses. So why is Acclimatization Important? Without proper acclimatization, you risk developing altitude sickness, which can manifest in several forms: Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS): The mildest form, with symptoms like headache, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Fluid buildup in the lungs, a potentially life-threatening condition. High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE): Swelling of the brain, also life-threatening. Acclimatization allows your body to adapt to the lower oxygen levels by: Increasing breathing rate: To take in more oxygen. Producing more red blood cells: To carry more oxygen throughout the body. Releasing more of an enzyme that facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin to the body tissues. Adjusting kidney function: To maintain proper fluid balance. Members of 1924 Everest expedition. “We certainly, in 1924, did learn a great deal about the extent to which acclimatization is progressive. It was also quite clearly established, I think, that those who had lived for considerable periods at a height of over 16,000 feet, even after the lapse of two years, got their acclimatization more rapidly than beginners. Even in 1922 we noticed that Mallory was far fitter at high altitudes than anyone else at the start.” - The Fight for Everest 1924: Mallory, Irvine and the Quest for Everest by E.F. Norton How Acclimatization Works: The key principle of acclimatization is gradual ascent. This allows your body time to adjust to each new altitude. The general guidelines are: "Climb High, Sleep Low": Ascend to a higher altitude during the day, but descend to a lower altitude to sleep. This exposes your body to the lower oxygen levels but allows it to recover at a lower altitude. 300-500 meters (1,000-1,600 feet) per day above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet): This is a general guideline for ascent rate. However, individual responses vary, and you may need to ascend slower. To illustrate the acclimatization process in mountaineering, let's examine two peaks: Lenin Peak (7,134 meters) and Mount Everest (8,848 meters). Acclimatization on Mount Lenin: A Detailed Look The entire expedition to Mount Lenin typically spans 14 to 21 days, with a significant portion dedicated to acclimatization. This period allows climbers to progressively adjust to higher elevations, ensuring the body adapts adequately to the reduced oxygen availability. While not as high as Everest, Mount Lenin's altitude still presents a significant challenge and requires careful acclimatization to prevent altitude sickness. Here's a typical approach: 1. Arrival and Trek to Base Camp (approx. 3-4 days): Most expeditions start in Osh, Kyrgyzstan, from where you'll travel to Base Camp (BC) at "Achik-Tash" (3,600m / 11,800ft). This journey is often done by vehicle, but it's still important to take it relatively easy on the first day at BC to begin the acclimatization process. Some operators include a short acclimatization hike to "Edelweiss Meadow" (around 3,800m / 12,500ft) near BC. 2. Acclimatization Rotations (approx. 10-14 days): The core of acclimatization on Lenin Peak involves a series of rotations between different camps: "Climb High, Sleep Low" Principle: Climbers will typically ascend to a higher camp, spend some time there to acclimatize, and then descend back to a lower camp to sleep. This process is repeated multiple times. Rest Days: Rest days at Base Camp and Camp 1 are essential for recovery and adaptation. Base Camp (3,600m / 11,800ft) to Camp 1 (4,400m / 14,400ft): This is a relatively straightforward hike across moraine and some gentle glacier terrain. Camp 1 (4,400m / 14,400ft) to Camp 2 (5,300m / 17,400ft): This is a more challenging day, involving steeper slopes and potentially some fixed ropes. Camp 2 (5,300m / 17,400ft) to Camp 3 (6,100m / 20,000ft) or Razdelnaya Peak (6,148m / 20,170ft): This is the most crucial acclimatization stage. Spending nights at Camp 3 or even making a short ascent to Razdelnaya Peak and returning to Camp 2 is highly recommended. 3. Summit Push (approx. 3-4 days): Once acclimatized, the summit push typically follows this schedule: Camp 2 (5,300m / 17,400ft) to Camp 3 (6,100m / 20,000ft): Move up to Camp 3. Camp 3 (6,100m / 20,000ft) to High Camp (6,400m / 21,000ft) or Camp 4 (6,900m / 22,600ft - less common): Move to the highest camp. Some expeditions skip Camp 4 to shorten the summit day. Summit Day: Start very early (around midnight or 1 am) for the summit push. The route involves climbing on snow and ice slopes, with some sections that may require the use of ropes and ice axes. Descent: Descend as quickly as possible after reaching the summit to avoid spending too much time at high altitude. Typical Timeline Summary: Arrival and Trek to BC: 3-4 days Acclimatization Rotations: 10-14 days Summit Push and Descent: 3-4 days Total Expedition Time: 16-22 days (approximately 2-3 weeks) Key Considerations for Mount Lenin Acclimatization: Altitude: While lower than Everest, 7,134m is still very high, and altitude sickness can be a serious concern. Weather: The weather on Lenin Peak can be unpredictable, with strong winds and sudden changes in temperature. Crevasses: There are crevasses on the route, especially on the glacier sections, so proper glacier travel skills and rope techniques are essential. Individual Acclimatization: As with any high-altitude climb, individual responses to altitude vary. It's vital to listen to your body and descend if you experience symptoms of altitude sickness. “At the same spot where the British pioneers set up their base camp, I camped for more than 2 months. From there I put an intermediate camp at 6,000 meters and 500 meters higher, my advanced base camp as a starting point for the solo climb to the summit. From base camp, I made numerous acclimatization and reconnaissance sorties to the north, west, and south.” - Reinhold Messner, “Crystal Horizon: Everest - The First Solo Ascent”. For more about Messner's acclimatization process check out this article The Everest Acclimatization Process: A Detailed Look The goal of acclimatization on Everest is to gradually expose your body to the decreasing oxygen levels at higher altitudes, allowing it to adapt and minimize the risk of altitude sickness. This is achieved through a series of ascents and descents, known as rotations. 1. Trek to Base Camp (approx. 8-10 days): The journey typically begins with a trek to Everest Base Camp (EBC) at 5,364 meters (17,598 feet). This trek itself is part of the acclimatization process, as you gradually gain altitude over several days. You'll typically spend nights in villages like Namche Bazaar (3,440m/11,290ft) and Dingboche (4,410m/14,470ft), allowing your body to adjust to the increasing altitude. 2. Acclimatization Rotations (approx. 4-6 weeks): Once at EBC, climbers begin a series of rotations, climbing to higher camps and then descending back to EBC to rest and recover. This "climb high, sleep low" strategy is crucial for acclimatization. Typical Rotations: EBC to Camp 1 (6,065m/19,898ft): This involves navigating the Khumbu Icefall, a dangerous and constantly moving glacier. Camp 1 (6,500m/21,300ft) to Camp 2 (6,500m/21,300ft): This section involves climbing up the Western Cwm, a relatively flat glacier valley. Camp 2 (6,500m/21,300ft) to Camp 3 (7,200m/23,600ft): This is a steeper climb up the Lhotse Face. Sometimes a rotation to Camp 4 (7,900m/25,900ft) is included: This is the final camp before the summit push. Rest at Base Camp: After each rotation, climbers spend several days at EBC to rest and allow their bodies to adapt to the new altitude. 3. Summit Push (approx. 4-7 days): Once climbers are sufficiently acclimatized, they begin their summit push. This involves moving from EBC to higher camps in stages, eventually reaching Camp 4, the final camp before the summit. The summit push itself is a long and arduous process, typically taking around 16-20 hours. After reaching the summit, climbers descend as quickly as possible to avoid spending too much time in the "Death Zone" (above 8,000m/26,200ft). Timeline Summary: Trek to Base Camp: 8-10 days Acclimatization Rotations: 4-6 weeks Summit Push: 4-7 days Total Expedition Time: 6-10 weeks Important Considerations for Everest Acclimatization: Individual Variation: Everyone acclimatizes at different rates. It's crucial to listen to your body and descend if you experience symptoms of altitude sickness. Weather: Weather conditions can significantly impact the acclimatization process. Storms can force climbers to stay at lower altitudes for longer periods. Supplemental Oxygen: Most climbers use supplemental oxygen above 7,000 meters to reduce the risk of altitude sickness and improve performance. Experience and Fitness: Prior mountaineering experience and a high level of physical fitness are essential for a successful Everest climb. Key Takeaway: Acclimatization on Everest is a complex and lengthy process that requires careful planning and execution. It's crucial to work with experienced guides and listen to your body to ensure a safe and successful climb. Important Note: This information is for general knowledge and planning purposes only. Climbing Mount Lenin or Mount Everest is a serious undertaking, and it's crucial to have proper mountaineering experience, training, and equipment. It's highly recommended to join a guided expedition with experienced guides. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Armenia's mountains are not just geographical features; they are a significant part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity. Whether you're an avid hiker, a history enthusiast, or simply someone who appreciates natural beauty, the mountains of Armenia offer something for everyone. Exploring these sites against the backdrop of the towering peaks creates a unique and unforgettable experience. < Back Mountains in Armenia Armenia's mountains are not just geographical features; they are a significant part of the country's cultural heritage and national identity. Whether you're an avid hiker, a history enthusiast, or simply someone who appreciates natural beauty, the mountains of Armenia offer something for everyone. Exploring these sites against the backdrop of the towering peaks creates a unique and unforgettable experience. Armenia, a landlocked country, is renowned for its stunning and bountiful mountains. The country's landscape is dominated by rugged mountains and extinct volcanoes, making it a paradise for nature lovers and adventure seekers. Most of the mountains in Armenia are, in fact, extinct volcanoes. This geological history has resulted in a landscape characterized by tufa volcanic rock formations, which have been adapted into cave dwellings in places like Old Khot or Old Khndzoresk. Mount Aragats has four peaks, named according to their geographical location: Northern peak - 4,090 m (13,420 ft) - the highest peak in Armenia. Western peak - 3,995 m (13,107 ft). Eastern peak - 3,908 m (12,822 ft). Southern peak - 3,888 m (12,756 ft). The highest mountain in Armenia is Mount Aragats, standing at 4090 meters tall! Located in the Aragatsotn Province in the west of the country, it is known for its four peaks. Other notable peaks include Mount Azhdahak and Khustup Mountain, both offering breathtaking views and challenging climbs. The relatively large mountain ranges of Armenia are the Zangezur mountain range, Bargushat mountain range, and Geghama mountain range. View from the summit of mount Azhdahak, highest point of Geghama mountain range List of several mountain ranges: Geghama mountain range Zangezur mountain range Bargushat mountain range Bazum mountain range Sevan mountain range Shirak mountain range Pambak mountain range Vaik mountain range Lalwar mountain range Eastern Sevan mountain range Meghri mountain range Tegheniats mountain range Urts mountain range The mountains of Armenia are not just geological formations; they are deeply embedded in the country's cultural and historical narrative. Ancient monasteries and fortresses perch on rocky cliffs, telling stories of resilience and spiritual devotion. For centuries Silk Road caravans crawled along their treacherous paths, trading empires rose and fell under their watchful gaze while today they are attracting hikers from all over the world! Descending from mount Sevazhayr These mountains aren't just for admiring; they're for conquering. Hikers can carve their paths through verdant meadows and rocky passes, while trekkers can test their strength against soaring peaks, reaching for summits that touch the clouds and reward them with breathtaking panoramas. Even casual wanderers can find quiet meadows for picnics, hidden monasteries for reflection, and charming villages where warmth and hospitality abound. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Discover the rich history and vibrant culture of Armenian wine, from the ancient winery in Areni 1 cave to modern vineyards producing world-class wines. Learn about traditional winemaking, diverse wine types, popular brands, and the annual Areni Wine Festival that attracts wine enthusiasts from around the globe. < Back Ultimate Guide to Armenian Wine Discover the rich history and vibrant culture of Armenian wine, from the ancient winery in Areni 1 cave to modern vineyards producing world-class wines. Learn about traditional winemaking, diverse wine types, popular brands, and the annual Areni Wine Festival that attracts wine enthusiasts from around the globe. Armenia, a country rich in history and culture, is also home to one of the oldest winemaking traditions in the world. The discovery of an ancient winery in the Areni 1 cave has solidified Armenia's place on the global wine map, highlighting the deep roots and enduring legacy of Armenian viticulture. This article delves into the fascinating history, diverse wine types, and the vibrant wine culture that continues to thrive in Armenia today. Ready to taste Armenian wine? Ancient Winemaking in Areni 1 Cave In 2007, archaeologists uncovered an astonishing find in the Areni 1 cave in the Vayots Dzor region of Armenia: the world's oldest known winery, dating back over 6,100 years. This ancient facility included a wine press, fermentation vats, storage jars, and even drinking cups. The discovery provided concrete evidence that Armenians have been producing wine for millennia, making wine an integral part of their heritage and culture. Winemaking Tradition in Armenia Armenian winemaking tradition is deeply intertwined with the country's history and religion. Wine has been produced in the region since the times of Noah, who, according to legend, planted the first vineyard on the slopes of Mount Ararat. Throughout centuries, wine has played a vital role in religious ceremonies, social gatherings, and everyday life. Armenian winemakers have honed their craft over generations, combining ancient techniques with modern innovations. The result is a unique blend of tradition and modernity that produces some of the world's most distinctive wines. Types of Armenian Wine Armenia is home to a variety of wine types, each with its unique characteristics and flavors. The most famous is the Areni Noir, a red wine grape indigenous to Armenia, known for its deep, rich flavors and excellent aging potential. Other notable grape varieties include Voskehat, a white wine grape with a fruity and floral profile, and Kangun, used to produce both dry and sweet wines. In addition to grape wine, Armenians also produce wine from other fruits. Pomegranate wine is particularly popular, offering a unique taste that reflects the country's rich agricultural heritage. Apricot and cherry wines are also enjoyed, each bringing a distinct flavor and aroma to the Armenian wine landscape. Wine aging takes place in clay vessels The Wine Aging Process Aging is a crucial part of the winemaking process that significantly influences the flavor, aroma, and overall quality of the wine. In Armenia, traditional and modern methods are employed to age wines to perfection. Oak Barrels: Many Armenian winemakers use oak barrels to age their wines. The oak imparts unique flavors and aromas, such as vanilla, spice, and caramel, while also allowing for slow oxygenation, which helps to soften tannins and enhance the wine's complexity. Karas: Some winemakers still use traditional clay vessels known as karas for aging wine. This ancient method, which dates back thousands of years, allows the wine to breathe while retaining a more natural and earthy character. Stainless Steel Tanks: For certain types of wine, particularly whites and rosés, stainless steel tanks are used to preserve the fresh, fruity flavors and prevent oxidation. Oak barrels filled with wine Armenian Wine Festival One of the highlights of Armenia's wine culture is the annual Areni Wine Festival. Held in the picturesque village of Areni, this festival attracts wine enthusiasts from around the world. Visitors have the opportunity to taste a wide variety of wines, enjoy traditional Armenian music and dance, and participate in grape stomping—a fun and interactive way to experience the winemaking process. The festival not only showcases the best of Armenian wines but also promotes local tourism and cultural exchange. It has become a must-visit event for anyone interested in exploring the rich traditions and flavors of Armenian wine. Popular Armenian Wine Brands Armenia's winemaking tradition has produced several renowned brands that have gained both national and international acclaim. Here are some of the most famous Armenian wine brands: Armenia Wine Company: Known for its innovative approach and high-quality wines, Armenia Wine Company produces a wide range of wines, including the popular Karas and Takar labels. Their wines are known for their rich flavors and consistent quality, making them a favorite among wine enthusiasts. Zorah Wines: This boutique winery has received international acclaim for its Zorah Karasi Areni Noir, a wine praised for its depth, complexity, and adherence to traditional winemaking methods. Zorah Wines focuses on producing wines that reflect the unique terroir of Armenia. Voskevaz Winery: With a history dating back to 1932, Voskevaz Winery combines ancient traditions with modern technology to produce award-winning wines. Notable labels include Voskevaz Karasi Collection and Voskevaz Heritage, both of which showcase the rich flavors and heritage of Armenian wine. Trinity Canyon Vineyards: Founded by three friends with a passion for winemaking, Trinity Canyon Vineyards produces organic wines that reflect the unique terroir of the Armenian highlands. Their wines, such as the Trinity Eh Areni Noir, have gained a loyal following among wine enthusiasts for their distinct and expressive flavors. Tushpa Wine Cellar: Located in the historic winemaking region of Vayots Dzor, Tushpa Wine Cellar produces a variety of wines, including their signature Tushpa Areni Noir. This family-owned winery emphasizes traditional winemaking techniques and the unique characteristics of local grape varieties. Old Bridge Winery: Situated in the Ararat Valley, Old Bridge Winery is known for its diverse range of wines, including both red and white varieties. Their Old Bridge Areni Noir is particularly popular, showcasing the robust flavors of this indigenous grape. Kataro Winery: Initially based in Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), the winery relocated to Armenia after the 2020 Karabakh War, during which its original facility was captured by Azerbaijani forces. Kataro Winery specializes in producing high-quality wines from the indigenous Khndoghni grape. Kataro Reserve and Kataro Estate are among their well-known labels, offering a unique taste of this lesser-known wine region. Hin Areni: A relatively new but rapidly growing winery, Hin Areni focuses on producing premium wines from the Areni and Voskehat grape varieties. Their wines are noted for their elegance and balance, making them a popular choice among wine connoisseurs. These brands represent the best of Armenian winemaking, combining traditional methods with modern techniques to produce wines that are both unique and of exceptional quality. Their growing popularity among both locals and foreigners is a testament to the rich heritage and bright future of Armenian wine. Popularity Among Foreigners Armenian wines have been gaining popularity among foreigners, thanks in part to the country's growing reputation as a travel destination. Tourists who visit Armenia are often delighted to discover the country's rich winemaking heritage and the quality of its wines. The unique flavors and stories behind Armenian wines resonate with wine lovers worldwide, leading to increased interest and demand. Additionally, international wine competitions and expos have provided a platform for Armenian wines to shine, earning accolades and recognition from wine experts and critics. This exposure has helped to elevate Armenia's profile in the global wine market, attracting new fans and customers from around the world. Conclusion Armenian wine is more than just a beverage; it is a testament to the country's ancient heritage, cultural richness, and enduring traditions. From the ancient winery in Areni 1 cave to the modern vineyards producing world-class wines, Armenia's winemaking story is one of passion, resilience, and innovation. Whether you are a seasoned wine connoisseur or a curious traveler, exploring Armenian wine offers a journey through history, tradition, and the unique flavors of this remarkable land. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Geghard, the Spear of Destiny, also known as the Holy Lance or the Spear of Longinus, is a legendary relic with a history shrouded in myth and mystery. According to Christian tradition, the spear is said to be the weapon that allegedly pierced the side of Jesus as he hung on the cross during his crucifixion. Several relics are claimed to be fragments of the Holy Lance or the spearhead itself. Some of the most renowned locations housing these relics include Vienna, Austria, where the most famous relic is kept in the Hofburg Palace; Rome, Italy, where a significant relic is housed in the Vatican Museum; and Vagharshapat, Armenia, where a spearhead is displayed in the Museum of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. In this article, we will primarily focus on the relic housed in Vagharshapat, Armenia, which was preserved in the Ayrivank Monastery for 500 years. < Back Spear of Destiny - Geghard Geghard, the Spear of Destiny, also known as the Holy Lance or the Spear of Longinus, is a legendary relic with a history shrouded in myth and mystery. According to Christian tradition, the spear is said to be the weapon that allegedly pierced the side of Jesus as he hung on the cross during his crucifixion. Several relics are claimed to be fragments of the Holy Lance or the spearhead itself. Some of the most renowned locations housing these relics include Vienna, Austria, where the most famous relic is kept in the Hofburg Palace; Rome, Italy, where a significant relic is housed in the Vatican Museum; and Vagharshapat, Armenia, where a spearhead is displayed in the Museum of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin. In this article, we will primarily focus on the relic housed in Vagharshapat, Armenia, which was preserved in the Ayrivank Monastery for 500 years. The crucifixion of Jesus is narrated in all four canonical gospels. After facing trials, Jesus carries his cross to Calvary, with the path traditionally referred to as the Via Dolorosa. At Calvary, a sponge soaked in a painkiller mixture is offered to Jesus, and according to Matthew and Mark, he declines it. The soldiers proceed to crucify Jesus and cast lots for his clothes. Pilate's inscription, "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews," is placed above Jesus' head on the cross, leading to mockery from soldiers and onlookers. Two convicted thieves are also crucified alongside Jesus. In Matthew and Mark, both thieves mock Jesus. In Luke, one of them rebukes Jesus, while the other defends him. Jesus responds to the latter, saying, "today you will be with me in Paradise." In John 19:33–34, Roman soldiers broke the legs of the two thieves to hasten their death, but they didn't do the same to Jesus, who was already dead. Instead, one soldier pierced Jesus' side with a lance, and blood and water flowed out. Fresco by Fra Angelico, located in the Dominican monastery at San Marco, Florence, depicting the scene when a Roman soldier pierces Jesus' side with a lance on the cross. Longinus is the name given to the unnamed Roman soldier who pierced Jesus' side with a lance, described in medieval and some modern Christian traditions as a convert to Christianity. His name first appeared in the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus. The lance is called the "Holy Lance" (lancea) in Christianity, and the story is related in the Gospel of John during the Crucifixion. This act is said to have created the last of the Five Holy Wounds of Christ. According to the tradition of the Armenian Church, the Holy Lance or Geghard was brought to Armenia by the apostle Thaddeus in the year 33, and it was kept in Christian communities for a long time. In 301, when Christianity was declared the state religion in Armenia, Geghard became the property of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Now it is displayed in the Echmiadzin treasury. Since that day, the weapon of death (Armenian: Գեղարդ - Geghard) has become a sacred relic for Christians. The spear's journey through history is both fascinating and enigmatic. Legends suggest that whoever possesses the Spear of Destiny holds a source of great power. In medieval times, the spear became a sought-after relic and was believed to grant its owner invincibility. Rulers like Charlemagne, Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire, and others were said to have possessed or sought the spear. Its association with divine powers led to its use as a symbol of legitimacy and authority. During the Crusades, the Spear of Destiny gained further prominence, with many believing that its possession could influence the outcome of battles. The fascination with the spear continued through the ages, and it became the subject of various myths, legends, and conspiracy theories. On the door of Geghard Monastery is carved the representation of the Spear of Destiny, which for centuries was kept here! At least four major relics are claimed to be the Holy Lance or parts of it, located in Rome, Vienna, Armenia, and Antioch. In Mein Kampf, Adolf Hitler wrote that the Imperial Insignia "were still preserved in Vienna and appeared to act as magical relics rather than as the visible guarantee of an everlasting bond of union. In 1938, Nazi Germany annexed Austria, and Hitler visited the Hofburg Palace. Thirty years earlier, Hitler’s indelible conviction that he would one day claim the Spear of Destiny materialized from the moment he was free to remove the ancient weapon in the museum of the Hofburg Palace. One can imagine he held the talisman of power in his hands. Walter Stein comments that Hitler stood at the moment like a man in a trance, as if had cast some dreadful magic spell: “he was suffering almost a total eclipse of self-consciousness. He felt somehow renewed as a complete human being, a deep longing arose in his heart to discover the meaning of his individual destiny. It was a chastening experience.” Aerial view of Geghard Monastery As mentioned earlier one of the supposed Holy Lances is conserved in Armenia, in ancient city of Echmiadzin, the religious capital of Armenia. It was previously held in the monastery of Geghard. The first source that mentions it is a text called "Holy Relics of Our Lord Jesus Christ," in a thirteenth-century Armenian manuscript. According to this text, the spear that pierced Jesus was brought to Armenia by the Apostle Thaddeus. In 1655, the French traveler Jean-Baptiste Tavernier was the first Westerner to see this relic in Armenia. Every year during the commemoration of the apostles St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew, the relic is brought out for worship. The true nature and origin of the Spear of Destiny remain elusive, blending historical events with religious symbolism and legendary tales. While its mystical powers are a matter of belief, the spear's historical journey and its impact on the course of history make it a captivating relic that continues to capture the imagination of historians, archaeologists, and enthusiasts alike. 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The historic Alaverdi train station stands out not only for its unique architectural design but also for the remarkable frescoes painted in the 1960s by Rudolf Khachatryan. These artworks have become a cultural attraction, drawing visitors from around the world. Today, the station is also a fascinating site for urban exploration and a prime spot for urbex photography. < Back A visit to Alaverdi train station The historic Alaverdi train station stands out not only for its unique architectural design but also for the remarkable frescoes painted in the 1960s by Rudolf Khachatryan. These artworks have become a cultural attraction, drawing visitors from around the world. Today, the station is also a fascinating site for urban exploration and a prime spot for urbex photography. Alaverdi Railway Station, located in the city of Alaverdi in Lori Province, stands on the left bank of the Debed River. The station was first opened in 1899, while its current building was constructed in the 1940s–1950s. The station complex includes a three-story main building, two low platforms, and five railway tracks. Since 2011, passenger trains no longer stop at the station, but the worker on duty can be asked to open the door. The pink tuff building is an example of Soviet-Armenian Neoclassicism with a typical arched entrance and windows on the main facade. Architect: Baghdasaryan Lenmur The most striking feature of the building is undoubtedly the frescoes that adorn the station’s waiting hall. Painted in the early 1960s, they represent the only known monumental work of Rudolf Khachatryan (1937–2007), who later gained wide recognition in the 1970s and 1980s for his large-scale hyperrealistic portraits of Soviet cultural figures. Painted in vivid colors and with remarkable skill, the frescoes instantly capture attention. These two frescoes depict scenes from the poem "Anoush" and the short story "Gikor", one of the most notable works of renowned Armenian writer Hovhannes Tumanyan, which have long since become an integral part of Armenian public culture. Other murals depict the miners' revolt during the Bolshevik Revolution and a portrait of a proudly posing foundry worker with Alaverdi copper factory buildings and mountains in the background. These frescoes are a daring attempt to crystallize the allure of the region. They are brought into life in the juicy colors and bold contours that are typical to post-war Armenian painting. I’m Suren, a professional urban explorer in Armenia. I offer unique urbex tours to abandoned, hidden, and off-the-map places you won’t find in guidebooks. Want a custom itinerary? Contact me on WhatsApp or Telegram . Project Gallery You May Also Like The Forgotten 50 cm Cassegrain Telescope of Byurakan Observatory Destroyed Soviet Mosaics and Frescoes in Armenia Inside the Eerie Corridors of an Abandoned Russian Fortress Soviet Bus Stops in Armenia Urbex Tours in Armenia – Photo Gallery The 53 cm Schmidt Telescope at Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory Exploring an Abandoned Rest House with Impressive Bas-Reliefs A Spaceship on Earth: The Soviet-Armenian Echo of the Futuro House Previous Next

Late on a rainy day, I set out to explore one of the most iconic structures in Armenia’s second-largest city, Gyumri. Pushing through tall grass and slippery terrain, I made my way up to the fortress—only to find the entrance locked. Luckily, a narrow window offered a way in. Inside, I stepped into maze-like, eerie corridors where history, decay, and silence create one of the most atmospheric urbex experiences in Armenia. I was inside the Horseshoe-Shaped fortress. < Back Inside the Eerie Corridors of an Abandoned Russian Fortress Late on a rainy day, I set out to explore one of the most iconic structures in Armenia’s second-largest city, Gyumri. Pushing through tall grass and slippery terrain, I made my way up to the fortress—only to find the entrance locked. Luckily, a narrow window offered a way in. Inside, I stepped into maze-like, eerie corridors where history, decay, and silence create one of the most atmospheric urbex experiences in Armenia. I was inside the Horseshoe-Shaped fortress. In the 19th century, Gyumri rapidly grew in importance, becoming a key political, military, and economic center of the Russian Empire. On June 2, 1834, Nicholas I of Russia issued a decree to design a new military fortress here. Construction lasted nearly a decade. Interestingly, it was the fortress—not the town—that was first renamed Alexandropol in 1836. Only a year later, in 1837, Gyumri received city status and was also renamed Alexandropol. On October 3, 1837, the emperor arrived in Gyumri via Akhaltsikhe. It was then that he ordered the construction of an Orthodox church within the fortress, later named Saint Alexandra. The Alexandropol Fortress is a nearly rectangular structure, oriented from north to east. Shaped by the surrounding terrain, it is fortified by defensive walls on only one side. The complex was vast and largely self-sufficient, with barracks designed for up to 15,000 soldiers, arsenals, supply depots, a three-story hospital, and numerous service buildings. The fortress contained 36 powder storage rooms, around 200 cannons, and significant reserves of wheat and barley. Today, the Russian 102nd military base is located on the territory of the Alexandropol Fortress. Built by local craftsmen, the fortress stands out among similar structures in the region. Its defensive network included key fortifications such as Sev Berd (Black Fortress), Karmir Berd (Red Fortress) and Paytadzev Amrots (Horseshoe-Shaped Fortress). While the first 2 are circular in design, the so-called Horseshoe-Shaped Fortress differs with its distinctive curved, semi-circular layout—giving it its name. Karmir Berd remains in use, and Sev Berd has been restored and opened to visitors. In contrast, the Horseshoe-Shaped Fortress is still abandoned—its entrances locked, access limited, and entry requiring some physical effort. All three fortresses were once connected by underground passages. Part of the tunnel is still visible today inside the Horseshoe Fortress, though the entrance is blocked with barbed wire. Arched corridors and a maze-like layout create a haunting atmosphere, giving the fortress its unmistakable eerie character. I’m Suren, a professional urban explorer in Armenia. I offer unique urbex tours to abandoned, hidden, and off-the-map places you won’t find in guidebooks. Want a custom itinerary? Contact me on WhatsApp or Telegram . Project Gallery You May Also Like The Forgotten 50 cm Cassegrain Telescope of Byurakan Observatory Destroyed Soviet Mosaics and Frescoes in Armenia Inside the Eerie Corridors of an Abandoned Russian Fortress Soviet Bus Stops in Armenia Urbex Tours in Armenia – Photo Gallery The 53 cm Schmidt Telescope at Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory Exploring an Abandoned Rest House with Impressive Bas-Reliefs A Spaceship on Earth: The Soviet-Armenian Echo of the Futuro House Previous Next

Blue Mosque stands as a significant landmark in Yerevan, attracting both Muslim pilgrims and tourists. Built in 1766 by Sardar Husein-Ali Khan, it replaced an earlier mosque destroyed in a 1679 earthquake. Despite Soviet-era threats, it was preserved and now serves as a place of worship after reconstruction efforts in the 1990s and 2000s. < Back Blue Mosque in Yerevan Blue Mosque stands as a significant landmark in Yerevan, attracting both Muslim pilgrims and tourists. Built in 1766 by Sardar Husein-Ali Khan, it replaced an earlier mosque destroyed in a 1679 earthquake. Despite Soviet-era threats, it was preserved and now serves as a place of worship after reconstruction efforts in the 1990s and 2000s. The Blue Mosque was built by Sardar Husein-Ali Khan of Yerevan in 1766 (1179 AH). There is an opinion that the mosque of Def Sultan stood on the site of the mosque before that, which was destroyed during the great earthquake of Yerevan in 1679, and almost a century later, this new one was built on the spot by Hussein-Ali Khan Qajar. The Blue Mosque boasts a spacious and well-maintained garden, offering visitors a delightful spot to relax and immerse themselves in the serene atmosphere The Blue Mosque is part of the series of Shia mosques in Yerevan, distinguished as not only the most beautiful and magnificent but also the largest. Covering a total area of 7000 m2, the complex comprises a spacious quadrangular building crafted of bricks, featuring a tall minaret and a broad-sided dome. The dome and sections of the walls are adorned with blue terracotta. During the mass demolition of religious structures in the Soviet era, the Blue Mosque was saved through the efforts of Armenian intellectuals like Yeghishe Charents, who vehemently opposed its destruction. The mosque was saved and for a long time the museum of Natural History and Yerevan History museum were located in here. After the independence of Armenia, at the request of the Iranian government, the mosque was handed over to Iran as a place of prayer. It was reconstructed in 1994-1998 by the efforts of the Iranian government. In 2006, the dome was repaired. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

If you're wondering, "Are Decathlon hiking shoes any good?" or searching for honest Quechua hiking shoe reviews, this article has you covered. I’ll share my personal experience from over 9 years of wearing various Quechua hiking boots — including an in-depth review of my favorite, the Quechua MH100 — to help you decide if they’re the best budget hiking shoes for you. < Back Decathlon Quechua Hiking Shoes Review If you're wondering, "Are Decathlon hiking shoes any good?" or searching for honest Quechua hiking shoe reviews, this article has you covered. I’ll share my personal experience from over 9 years of wearing various Quechua hiking boots — including an in-depth review of my favorite, the Quechua MH100 — to help you decide if they’re the best budget hiking shoes for you. These Quechua Forclaz Flex 3 hiking shoes marked the beginning of my journey, and they've proven to be incredibly durable. A gift received in 2015, they have endured the test of time. Lacking rubber protective sides, I reserved them for lighter hikes to avoid rugged terrains. Overall, I appreciate them, but they offer minimal protection against moisture—walking through wet grass leaves your feet instantly damp. They are no longer on sale! Quechua Forclaz Flex 3 Quechua Forclaz 500 Next in line were my second pair of Quechua Forclaz 500 hiking shoes, a vintage and somewhat militaristic-looking pair with sturdy performance. Unfortunately, the rubber toe shield deteriorated quickly, in particular cracks appeared, signaling the beginning of the end. In later models, it seems like Quechua improved the rubber quality and the rubber shield lasts longer, for example in case of MH100. I wore them for 3 years and all in all I am satisfied with them. I miss these discontinued shoes and wish they were still available in stores. Quechua Arpenaz 500 Revival The Quechua Arpenaz 500 Revival is another pair in my collection, though I didn't wear them much due to sizing issues. Ending at size 46 while I usually wear 47, they caused ankle discomfort. Despite this, the soft and springy outsole provided a pleasant walking experience. They are still on sale and larger sizes are already available! Quechua Forclaz Trek 100 Unfortunately, the next pair (Quechua Forclaz Trek 100), while visually appealing, fell short in terms of fit. The narrow design around the feet and smaller size compared to the MH100 model caused discomfort during hikes. So 47 which usually fits me well, fell short! The waterproofing was not that good (you can't expect much from boots of this price range) but they seem to be durable overall. For hikes in a dry season these can be perfect budget boots! Quechua MH900 The Quechua MH900 pair turned out to be a disappointment, as the rubber toe protector quickly tore away from the leather. Moreover during a summer hike, while attempting to ascend a snowy slope, I began creating ladders by hitting the snow, and the outsole also started to rip off. Despite being comfortable and offering freedom of movement (it also fit well), their lack of waterproofing (like on the level of Forclaz Trek 100 although Trek 100 is way more durable) and poor quality ultimately led me to send them into a garbage can. Quechua MH 100 MH 100 hiking shoes was not only narrow but also too small. A size 47 fit poorly, causing pain in my thumbs when navigating slopes. Nowadays, I reserve them for casual walks in the park due to their lack of water protection (or no protection at all). Quechua MH100 Finally, the MH100 has become my favorite among the Quechua lineup. I own several pairs in different colors, and they stand out for their price, comfort, and durability. While the outer insole can wear out from extensive use, the shoes can still hold up well. The waterproofing is satisfactory (similar to the Forclaz Trek 100 level), making them reliable for walks in wet grass or light rain. If Quechua could enhance these shoes by adding a rubber band for additional protection on the sides, they would truly become the perfect hiking shoes considering their price and quality. I strongly recommend them! Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

The 1977 robbery of the State Bank of the Armenian SSR remains one of the most audacious and infamous crimes in Soviet history. This heist, carried out by cousins Nikolai Sarkisovich Kalachyan and Felix Kalachyan, resulted in the theft of 1.5 million Soviet rubles—equivalent to roughly two million U.S. dollars at the time. It was not only the largest theft from a state institution in Soviet history but also a crime that captured the public’s imagination with its high stakes and dramatic resolution. Ultimately, both cousins were sentenced to death for their roles in the crime. < Back The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The 1977 robbery of the State Bank of the Armenian SSR remains one of the most audacious and infamous crimes in Soviet history. This heist, carried out by cousins Nikolai Sarkisovich Kalachyan and Felix Kalachyan, resulted in the theft of 1.5 million Soviet rubles—equivalent to roughly two million U.S. dollars at the time. It was not only the largest theft from a state institution in Soviet history but also a crime that captured the public’s imagination with its high stakes and dramatic resolution. Ultimately, both cousins were sentenced to death for their roles in the crime. Nikolai Kalachyan, born in 1951 in Borodino, Krasnoyarsk Krai, had a troubled upbringing. His family’s financial difficulties, primarily due to his father’s illness, left them destitute. Nikolai’s early years were marked by instability—he ran away to join a gypsy camp, dabbled in drug trafficking, and worked as a trash collector. With only a basic education and training as a turner, Nikolai turned to crime. His first successful robbery involved breaking into a savings bank by creating a hole in the wall. The crime went unsolved, and the stolen money was quickly squandered. Brothers Felix and Nikolai Kalachian Felix Kalachyan, on the other hand, was born in the village of Kazanchi in the Ashotsk district. After finishing school, he moved to Leninakan (now Gyumri), where he married and became a father of two. Working as a janitor, Felix struggled to provide for his family. Despite his humble profession, Felix had an athletic background—he was a skilled gymnast with the title of Candidate for Master of Sports. Nikolai convinced Felix to join him in a life of crime, and together they robbed an electronics store by dismantling a wall. They sold the stolen goods for 15,000 rubles, some of which Felix sent to his family, while the rest was spent on a spree in Moscow. Meanwhile, the director of the store from which the Kalachyans stole the tape recorders, for some reason, did not go to the police: the brothers got away with this crime. According to Nikolai, the director's silence was explained by the fact that the stolen tape recorders were unaccounted goods and were intended for illegal sale. Yerevan branch of the State Bank of the USSR Their next target was far more ambitious: the State Bank of the Armenian SSR in Yerevan. Nikolai’s plan relied on insider information provided by a bank employee and close associate, Zaven Bagdasaryan, who had direct access to the vault during routine inspections. Zaven, a member of the commission tasked with recounting the money stored in the Yerevan branch of the State Bank, was deeply impressed by the enormous sums he encountered in the vault. He informed the Kalachyan brothers that approximately 100 million rubles were stored at the branch and proposed a bold plan: to steal it. Bagdasaryan described the setup in detail. The cash was stacked on several shelves inside a small room on the second floor. The bank itself was housed in a three-story building dating back to the 1930s, constructed by prisoners using volcanic tuff—a relatively fragile material. This architectural vulnerability made breaking into the vault plausible. Initially, the Kalachyan brothers hesitated, deeming the risk too great. However, after three months of deliberation, they decided to proceed. The operation, to be executed by the nimble Felix, took several additional months of meticulous planning. Bagdasaryan even sketched detailed blueprints of the bank’s layout, including the walls, floors, and alarm systems, to aid in the preparations. The open window of the bank through which Felix entered Disguised as an artist, Nikolai began frequenting the streets near the bank. He casually passed by the branch repeatedly, observing every detail of its operations. During his surveillance, he noted that the bank shared its ground floor with a police station. However, his observations revealed that only a couple of officers were on duty during weekends, prompting the brothers to schedule the heist for a summer weekend. By early August, the plan had been refined to the smallest detail. Felix was tasked with breaking through the wall on the third floor, which adjoined a residential building, and gaining access to the bank employees' break room. From there, he intended to drill a hole in the floor and descend directly into the vault where the money was stored. Every aspect of the operation was meticulously planned—even down to bringing three bottles of mineral water so Felix could stay hydrated in the summer heat and cool the drills. A seemingly ordinary item—a simple umbrella—was crucial to their plan. According to Nikolai’s design, Felix was to drill a small hole in the floor, insert the umbrella through it, open it, and continue drilling. This would catch falling debris, muffling the sound and minimizing mess. However, shortly before the heist, Nikolai was involved in a car accident and hospitalized. Despite this setback, he remained undeterred. After consulting with Felix, Nikolai decided to proceed with the plan and coordinated the robbery from his hospital bed. The hand drill used by Felix Kalachyan On the evening of August 5, 1977, Felix packs a backpack with all the necessary tools—a hand drill, rope, hammer, saw, flashlight, and an umbrella—and enters a residential building that shares a wall with the State Bank. He gets to work. He spends the entire night trying to drill through the wall but fails to break through. The next day, he returns and comes up with a new plan. He notices that the window of the bank’s staff break room is not secured. Due to ongoing renovations, it is covered only with a sheet of polyethylene. He decides to take an extraordinary risk: from the roof of a neighboring building, he sprints and leaps across—miraculously landing on the roof of the bank. From there, gaining access to the upper floor above the vault proves relatively easy. The second phase of the plan went flawlessly. Felix drilled a 34-centimeter hole in the floor and used a rope secured to a steel bar to lower himself into the vault. There, he retrieved two bags of cash totaling 1.5 million rubles—equivalent to approximately 100 million rubles today. Carefully packing the money into a backpack, which ultimately weighed around 32 kilograms, Felix climbed out through the break room window, descended the rope, and slipped away unnoticed as dawn broke on Sunday morning. All the tools were left behind at the scene. A 34-centimeter-diameter hole in the floor of the rest room, made by Felix Kalachyan Felix’s first stop was the hospital to meet his brother. Overjoyed by the success, Nikolai discharged himself the same day. The brothers then retreated to a rented apartment where they hid the loot. While examining the cash, Nikolai noticed a critical detail: most of the 100-ruble notes bore the same serial series—AI. Recognizing the potential for these notes to trace back to them, Nikolai instructed Felix and Zaven not to spend the AI-series bills. His caution proved prescient. Meanwhile the investigators quickly established the method by which the thief had entered the bank building: the trick of jumping through a window, under which a tarpaulin was stretched for safety, was repeated by the detectives themselves. Despite this breakthrough, the investigation soon hit a dead end, leaving the case at a standstill. Felix Kalachian during investigative experiments Upon learning of the audacious heist, General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev took personal interest in the case and ordered a nationwide alert. Directives were sent to all savings banks across the Soviet Union, instructing staff to report any transactions involving AI-series 100-ruble notes. Following the robbery, the cousins fled to Moscow. Kalachyan brothers spent all the small bills rather quickly and began to think about what to do with packs of hundred-ruble notes. Nikolai found a way out: he suggested buying three-percent government loan bonds with them, for which they could then get “normal” money. However, the thieves were not going to go to the savings banks themselves. Nikolai Kalachian during investigative experiments There, Nikolai met Ludmila Viktorovna Aksyonova, whose brother, Vladimir Kuznetsov, was a taxi driver. Vladimir was unwittingly drawn into their scheme, tasked with purchasing bonds using stolen 100-ruble notes. To avoid suspicion, Nikolai claimed he needed the bonds to fund an elaborate wedding to Ludmila. Vladimir, unaware of the robbery, agreed to help. However, the stolen money bore a critical flaw: most of the 100-ruble notes shared the same serial series, "AI." Soviet authorities had issued a nationwide alert to all savings banks, instructing employees to report any transactions involving such notes. Kuznetsov agreed to help his future relative. He bought the first batch of securities in several trips in Tashkent, spending about 24 thousand rubles. To the delight of the criminals, Vladimir came across inattentive savings bank employees. Because of this, the criminal investigation officers did not immediately find out that the AI series banknotes had surfaced in the Uzbek SSR. By the time investigators reached Tashkent, Kuznetsov had already fled the country. Meanwhile, the Kalachyan brothers decided to relocate to Sochi. Nikolai purchased a used green Zhiguli (some sources suggest it was a Moskvich) for 13,000 rubles at the market near Moscow's Southern River Port. To maintain their cover, he registered the car under Lyudmila's name. Vladimir’s downfall came when he attempted to purchase 6,000 rubles’ worth of bonds in a Moscow savings bank. The cashier, suspicious of the large sum, pretended to retrieve additional bonds from the vault but instead contacted the police. Spooked, Vladimir fled, but the cashier had already noted his appearance and the license plate of his green Zhiguli car. Police tracked the vehicle to an apartment building on Leninsky Prospekt, where the Kalachyans were staying. On the night of June 7, 1978, law enforcement arrested Nikolai, Felix, and Vladimir. More than 800 thousand rubles of the money stolen from the Yerevan bank were found in the dismantled wheel. The criminals buried the remaining 100 thousand rubles under a house in Leninakan. By then, the criminals had already spent 600,000 rubles of the stolen money. The trial was swift, and the sentence was harsh. Nikolai and Felix Kalachyan were sentenced to death, while Zaven Bagdasaryan received 11 years in a maximum-security prison. Vladimir Kuznetsov, who played a secondary role, received a lighter sentence. Nikolai's mother, who had barely survived the death of her husband, never learned the court's verdict: upon hearing the charges against her son, she fell gravely ill and soon passed away. But the death penalty for two young men, one of whom was a father of two children, seemed excessive to the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR Babken Sarkisov. The official appealed to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with a request to pardon the brothers: they considered Sarkisov's arguments reasonable and granted the request. However, the papers that could have saved the Kalachyans arrived in Yerevan with a fatal delay. By the time the documents finally reached the prison, it was discovered that Felix and Nikolai had been executed the day before. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

This article offers concise details about the Geghama mountain range, covering its geography, flora, fauna, and historical monuments. It serves as a valuable tourist guide for those eager to take a hiking trip to Geghama mountains. < Back Geghama Mountains and Azhdahak This article offers concise details about the Geghama mountain range, covering its geography, flora, fauna, and historical monuments. It serves as a valuable tourist guide for those eager to take a hiking trip to Geghama mountains. The Geghama Mountains, also known as the Geghama Ridge, are a range of mountains located in Armenia. This mountain ridge stretches between Lake Sevan and the Ararat Plain, covering a length of 70 km and a width of 48 km. The range is of volcanic origin and the volcanic activity in the area peaked around 200 ka (in the context of geology, “ka” stands for “kilo-annum”, which is a unit of time equal to one thousand years. So, when it is said that the volcanic activity peaked around 200 ka, it means that the peak of the volcanic activity occurred approximately 200,000 years ago). The volcanoes Spitaksar (3560 m) and Geghasar (3446 m), which erupted 120ka and 80-40ka ago respectively, are sources of obsidian in Armenia. Satellite image of Geghama mountain ranage The highest peak of the Geghama mountains is Azhdahak, standing tall at 3597m, while the average elevation of the range is approximately 2500m. A lake has formed in the crater of the Azhdahak volcano, which is fed by meltwater throughout the year. Another crater lake is located in the crater of the Tar volcano, adjacent to Azhdahak. The second highest mountain is Spitakasar, with a height of 3560 meters above sea level. The frozen crater lake of Mount Azhdahak The name of the Geghama Ridge is associated with the name of Gegham - the great-grandson of the legendary ancestor of the Armenians, Hayk. Ecology The bird fauna of the Geghama mountains includes about 250 species, accounting for 70% of all Armenia’s avifauna. The area is home to a variety of bird species including: Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus), Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), Imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca), Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus). Animals include hares, rabbits, wolves, foxes, rarely bears, and reptiles include lizards and snakes. ------ The following plants are typically found in the Gegham Mountains: Peacock-eye pink (Dianthus pavonius) Whiteout (Iberis sempervirens) Basket of gold (Aurinia saxatilis) Jurinea moschus Arabis caucasica Catsfoot diclinous (Antennaria dioica) Gentiana pontica Red everlasting (Helichrysum pallasii) Lady’s-mantle (Alchemilla grossheimii) Alpine cinquefoil (Potentilla crantzi) Sibbaldia (Sibbaldia parviflora) Merendera Radde (Colchicum raddeanum) Oxytrope Lazica (Oxytropis lazica) Vavilovia Oshe (Lathyrus formosus). Peacock-eye pink (Dianthus pavonius) Historical Monuments Petroglyphs The Geghama mountains are rich in historical monuments, including petroglyphs and dragonstones, indicating that there were settlements in the area for thousands of years. There are a few geographical areas in Armenia where petroglyphs are concentrated; Geghama Ridge is among them! A quick glance at this petroglyph reveals images of deers and bulls A great number of petroglyphs (rock carvings) have been found in the area. These are source of historical information and in some sense can be treated as written monuments. They show men in scenes of hunting and working, as well as both domesticated and wild animals. Additionally, they depict astronomical bodies such as the Sun, the Moon, constellations, and the stellar sky. Phenomena such as lightning is also represented. Sketches of petroglyphs of Geghama mountains. (The petroglyphs of Geghama mountains/H.A. Martirosyan, 1981). Image colors are inverted Rock carvings can be used as rich sources of paleogeological information. Dominant among rock-carved animals is the bezoar goat, widespread in the high Alpine zones of prehistoric Armenia. Armenia offered favorable conditions for early goat and sheep domestication and improvement through crossbreeding with wild stock. Of high artistic quality among all the images in the Geghama mountain range are the lutiform carvings of deer, which impress with their realistic form. The study of rock carvings has brought to light another member of the extinct fauna - the elk. Dragon stone or Vishapakar Vishapakar, also known as dragons, dragon-stones, megalithic monuments, or menhirs, are monoliths abundant in the Armenian Highland. Situated at high altitudes, they are often found near natural and artificial ponds, as well as other water sources in proximity to high-altitude lakes, forming an intricate connection to the worship of water. A sketch of the dragonstone located near Dragon lake from Boris Piotrovsky’s book "Vishaps, Stone Monuments in Armenian Mountains." There are approximately 150 known vishaps discovered in the Armenian Highland, and 90 of them are located in Armenia. Most of the Vishaps found were lying horizontally, having fallen from their original standing positions. The concept of Vishaps was first introduced by the Armenian writer Atrpet in 1880, and his work was later published in 1926. In 1909, scientists began studying dragonstones (or vishaps) found in the Gegham mountains. That same year, during excavations at Armenia’s Pagan Temple of Garni by Nicholas Marr and Yakov Smirnov, local residents shared stories about Vishaps dwelling in the mountains. This prompted a scientific expedition to the Gegham mountains to confirm the existence of Vishaps and assess their scientific significance. Nicholas Marr standing near a dragon-stone in Geghama mountains, 1909 The findings from the Gegham mountains were published in 1931. They are considered to be Armenia’s oldest monuments, and to this day, they continue to be examined by scientists. The southeastern slopes of the Gegham mountains contain the Khosrov Forest, planted in the 4th century by Khosrov I and converted into a state park in 1958. During the summer season Geghama ridge is being inhabited by nomadic herders. This mountainous region attracts tourists from around the world with its charming landscapes and historical monuments. It is a must-visit destination for those who love to lead an active lifestyle and feel the calming presence of nature. Lakes in Geghama Mountains Lake Akna The largest lake in the Geghama mountain range is Lake Akna. It is situated at an elevation of 3030 meters above sea level, with a surface area of 0.5 square kilometers. The maximum depth is 15 meters, and the water capacity is 3.91 million cubic meters. It is primarily fed by snowmelt and springs. Sunset as seen from the shore of lake Akna In 1959, a reservoir was created by damming the lake. It underwent reconstruction in 1976, and its length is now 360 meters. Dragon Lake Dragon Lake is located 9 km east of Geghard village, at an altitude of 2620 meters above sea level, covering an area of 30 hectares. Dragon lake in Geghama mountains Lake Nazeli The lake is situated approximately 1.5 km east of Mount Nazeli at an altitude of 3100 meters. In old maps, it is referred to as Badi (Duck) Lake. The last photo before descending towards lake Nazeli Coming back to Azhdahak! This mountain is a popular tourist destination, renowned for its breathtaking landscapes and crater lake. Its unique beauty and volcanic origin make it a must-visit location. For a hiking tour to mount Azhdahak check out this link please! Thanks Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Mount Azhdahak, standing at 3,597 meters, is the highest peak of the Geghama Mountain Range and one of Armenia’s most popular hiking destinations. This extinct volcano, located in the heart of the country, offers an unforgettable hiking experience with breathtaking landscapes. On a clear day from the summit, hikers can enjoy panoramic views of Lake Sevan, Mount Ararat, Mount Aragats, Mount Ara, and more. This guide provides essential details on how to climb Azhdahak and explore the stunning trails of the Geghama Mountains. < Back Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Mount Azhdahak, standing at 3,597 meters, is the highest peak of the Geghama Mountain Range and one of Armenia’s most popular hiking destinations. This extinct volcano, located in the heart of the country, offers an unforgettable hiking experience with breathtaking landscapes. On a clear day from the summit, hikers can enjoy panoramic views of Lake Sevan, Mount Ararat, Mount Aragats, Mount Ara, and more. This guide provides essential details on how to climb Azhdahak and explore the stunning trails of the Geghama Mountains. I'm Suren, a professional tour guide in Armenia who has been exploring the country's stunning landscapes since 2014. Many travelers prefer guides who provide their own transportation. I drive a reliable Mitsubishi Pajero 4, well suited for Armenia’s rugged terrain and off-road routes. (See the photo and more details below.) After camping on the shore of Lake Nazeli, the next day I drove my Pajero all the way to the foot of Mount Azhdahak, leaving less than an hour’s hike to the summit. We then started our hike. Over the years, I’ve guided groups on a wide range of trips — from easy hiking trails in Armenia to demanding mountain summits, remote off-road adventures, and explorations of abandoned places. My strong local knowledge and hands-on experience make me a solid choice for anyone interested in hiking in Armenia or discovering hidden gems such as ancient volcanoes, crater lakes and waterfalls. As for Mount Azhdahak, it deserves a special mention — it’s the most requested destination among my guests, and I know it like the back of my hand. In this comprehensive article, I'll share practical and useful advice on how to climb Mount Azhdahak. About the Geghama Mountains and Azhdahak The Geghama Mountains, also known as the Geghama Ridge, extend between Lake Sevan and the Ararat Plain, covering a length of 70 km and a width of 48 km. The range's average elevation is approximately 2,500 meters, with Azhdahak as its highest peak at 3,597 meters. A group photo at the top of mount Azhdahak Azhdahak features a stunning crater lake at its summit, formed by melting snow, creating a mesmerizing sight, particularly in summer when snow patches linger on the slopes. Another notable crater lake is located on the nearby Tar (Red Ridge) volcano. The second-highest peak of the range is Spitakasar, at 3,560 meters above sea level. Aerial photo of mount Azhdahak Climb Mount Azhdahak. Route 1 or The Classical Route The most common route to Mount Azhdahak begins in Geghard village, but don’t rush—off-road terrain starts here, leading up to the foot of Mount Paytasar. If you're not in peak physical condition, it's best to drive as close as possible to Azhdahak to minimize the hiking distance. However, keep in mind that beyond Paytasar, the road can become slippery and treacherous in rainy weather, making the route particularly hazardous in wet conditions. Distance from Yerevan (Republic Square) to Geghard Village: 37 km (~1-hour drive) Off-road Distance: 14 km (requiring a high-clearance 4WD vehicle) Starting Point: Foot of Mount Paytasar Trail Length: 5.5 km (one way) Elevation Gain: 600 meters Difficulty: Moderate As you hike around Lake Akna, it provides a fantastic backdrop From the trailhead, the ascent leads hikers through breathtaking landscapes filled with unique flora and fauna. On a clear day, the summit of Azhdahak unveils a majestic panorama—not only of Lake Sevan but also of the surrounding mountains, including the distant peak of Mount Aragats. The route is an out-and-back trail. After the hike you can explore ancient Armenian petroglyphs scattered near mount Paytasar. An optional off-road journey can take visitors to Dragon Lake, home to ancient Vishaps (Dragon Stones). Alternative Routes to Mount Azhdahak Route 2: Via Lake Akna Another starting point for climbing Azhdahak is Lake Akna, offering a longer and more challenging ascent. To take this route, you first need to reach Sevaberd village, where the off-road journey begins, leading up to Lake Akna. The advantage of this approach over the Paytasar route is the opportunity to witness the stunning beauty of Lake Akna along the way. However, the trade-off is a significantly longer hike—at least 4.5 km more. I typically choose this route for multi-day trekking adventures. Distance from Yerevan to Sevaberd village: 35 km (~1-hour drive) Off-road Distance to Lake Akna: 11 km (requires a 4WD) Starting Elevation: 3,030 meters Hiking Distance: 10 km (one way) Camping Option: Stay overnight at Lake Nazeli (3,100 meters, 5 km from the summit) This route requires careful planning, especially if hikers do not have a dedicated driver, as returning to the starting point will involve a long trek back. As you hike along the crater of Mount Azhdahak, breathtaking views unfold before you. In the distance, you can see Aragats, Armenia’s highest peak. Route 3: Via Lake Nazeli For a more direct yet challenging approach, hikers can start from Lake Nazeli (3,100 m). The journey begins with a drive to Geghard village, where the off-road adventure starts. From there, you have two route options: Take the direct path to Mount Paytasar, then continue past the mountain toward Vishapasar and Lake Nazeli. First, reach Dragon Lake, then follow the route leading to Lake Nazeli. Camping on the shore of lake Nazeli Once you reach the shore of Lake Nazeli, it’s highly recommended to spend the night there. Use that day for acclimatization and to stretch your legs with an ascent of Mount Spitakasar (the White Mountain) — a rewarding experience on its own. By the following day, you’ll be well prepared to take on Azhdahak. Distance from Yerevan to Geghard village: 37 km (~1-hour drive) Off-road Distance to Lake Nazeli: ~20 km (high-clearance 4WD needed) Hiking Distance: 5 km (one way) Hiking Time: ~2.5 hours Lake Nazeli, as seen from the nearby cliffs The off-road journey to Lake Nazeli is demanding, especially beyond Mount Vishapasar, where rugged, rocky sections make the drive challenging. However, the lake itself is a breathtaking destination well worth the effort. Aerial photo of mount Azhdahak By the way, when off-roading to Azhdahak, you won’t have to worry about getting stuck— the terrain is rocky rather than muddy or clay-rich, which can easily trap vehicles. Alternatively if you are with a driver you can start your hike from the foot of Mount Paytasar and descend to Lake Nazeli. Recommended 3-Day Trekking Itinerary For those who want a more immersive experience in the Geghama Mountains, a three-day trek is ideal: Day 1: Visit Lake Akna, climb Mount Aknasar, and camp on the lake’s shore. Day 2: Climb Mount Azhdahak, descend to Lake Nazeli, and camp overnight. Day 3: Climb Mount Nazeli (3,312 m), visit Dragon Lake, and return to Yerevan. On the way back, visit Geghard Monastery, Garni Temple, and the Symphony of Stones, a remarkable natural basalt formation. On the shore of lake Nazeli Essential Tips for Hikers Physical Preparation: While no technical climbing skills are required, a good fitness level is essential due to the altitude and rugged terrain. Weather Considerations: The Geghama Range has unpredictable weather. Layered clothing, a poncho, a windproof jacket, and sun protection are highly recommended. Navigation: The trails are not marked. A GPS device or hiring a local guide can ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. Respect for Nature: The region is home to diverse flora and fauna, including mountain foxes and rare birds. Hikers should follow Leave No Trace principles to preserve the environment. Locals: During the warm season, the Geghama Mountains are inhabited by shepherds, primarily Yazidis, a national minority in Armenia known for their hospitality. They always appreciate a warm greeting. However, Yazidi women are generally unaccustomed to cameras, so it is advisable to ask for permission before taking their photo. Took this photo of Yazidi shepherd Mirza while he was demonstrating his rearing skills Whether you choose a single-day climb or an extended trek, Mount Azhdahak and the Geghama Mountains promise an unforgettable adventure through Armenia’s breathtaking volcanic landscapes. Remember, your hikes in Armenia won’t be complete unless you’ve climbed Mount Azhdahak! For a private guided hike to Mount Azhdahak, feel free to contact me on WhatsApp or Telegram . 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