Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory

Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory was founded in 1946 by Viktor Hambardzumyan, who selected the village of Byurakan on the southern slope of Mount Aragats for clear scientific, logistical, and environmental reasons.

By the mid-20th century, the observatory at Yerevan State University, established in 1933, had become unsuitable for deep-space research. The rapid growth of Yerevan brought light pollution and atmospheric haze, while plans were underway to install larger and more powerful telescopes that required better observing conditions.

Although higher sites on Mount Aragats offered thinner air—such as Lake Kari at 3,200 meters above sea level, where a Cosmic Ray Research station already existed—these locations were inaccessible year-round and too remote for permanent scientific work. The nearest village was Byurakan itself.

Byurakan provided a practical balance. It had road access, proximity to essential resources, and a stable climate. Most importantly, Hambardzumyan envisioned an observatory where scientists could both work and live. The village offered fresh food, a sustainable environment, and livable conditions for researchers and their families—advantages the harsh, oxygen-poor high-mountain sites could not provide.

Spring in Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory! The ZTA-2.6 telescope is the largest observational instrument of BAO. The building was designed by Sargis Gurzadyan, 1975

Viktor Hambardzumyan was a Soviet-Armenian astrophysicist and science administrator, one of the 20th century's top astronomers, he is widely regarded as the founder of theoretical astrophysics in the Soviet Union.

The observatory’s architectural design was crafted by Samvel Safarian. It comprises two main sections: a residential area and an operational segment, which includes observation towers, administrative and laboratory buildings, an assembly hall, and a guest house.

The ZTA-2.6 telescope was constructed at LOMO (Leningrad Optical-Mechanical Association, St. Petersburg, Russia) and is essentially a twin of the G. A. Shain reflector mounted at CrAO.

The 21²/21² telescope served as the observatory’s main instrument during its early years, primarily used to study the structure and radiation properties of galaxies. The first research at Byurakan Observatory focused on instability phenomena in the Universe, a theme that became a hallmark of its scientific activity.

The bust of Viktor Hambardzumyan in the territory of Byurakan Observatory

In 1947, V.A. Hambartsumian discovered a new type of stellar systems—stellar associations—demonstrating that star formation is an ongoing process in the Universe and that stars form in groups. Hambartsumian proposed that stars are born within these associations alongside gas and dust.

From 1950, work began on constructing radio telescopes. Two synphased antennas for observations at a 4.2 m wavelength and two synphased antennas for a 1.5 m wavelength were built. Between 1950 and 1951, the observatory also established laboratories for instrument-making, radio astrophysics, stellar astronomy, and spectroscopy, along with its library.

Below is a list of telescopes at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory.

• ZTA-2.6: The 2.6-meter Cassegrain reflector in operation since 1975.

• 103/136/213 cm Schmidt system telescope, in operation since 1960.

• 53/53/180 cm Schmidt binoculars.
  

Small telescopes:

• 50 cm reflector.

• 40 cm reflector.

• 20 cm reflector.

• Radio-optical telescope: PDS-1010A, a microdensitometer for measuring density.
  

The First Byurakan Survey, initiated in 1965 using the Schmidt telescope, unveiled 1500 galaxies with ultraviolet excess, famously known as the Markarian galaxies. These celestial bodies are designated "Markarian" or "Mrk," followed by a number, such as Mrk 501. The Byurakan spectral survey of Markarian's sky has earned its place in the international register of the UNESCO Memory of the World program.

The 1-meter Schmidt telescope in Byurakan Observatory

The Second Byurakan Survey, conducted from 1974 to 1991, focused on identifying emission line and ultraviolet excess galaxies, along with quasars.

The observatory boasts numerous discoveries, including special star clusters (stellar associations since 1947), over 1,000 flare stars, dozens of supernovae, hundreds of Herbig–Haro objects and cometary nebulae, as well as hundreds of galaxies.

Inside Viktor Hambardzumyan's house-museum!

In 1964 and 1971, the observatory hosted conferences on extraterrestrial civilizations. The 1971 meeting marked the first international symposium on the problem of extraterrestrial civilizations and communication with them. Many prominent scientists participated, including astronomers, physicists, chemists, biologists, philosophers, and experts from related fields.

In 1968, for its outstanding contributions to science, the Byurakan Observatory was awarded the Lenin Order, the highest prize of the Soviet Union. That year also saw a conference celebrating V.A. Hambartsumian's 60th birthday, where he presented a study on flare stars, estimating their true number and predicting that all dwarf stars undergo a stage of flare activity.

An aerial view of the ZTA-2.6 telescope tower, with Mount Ararat rising proudly on the horizon

A major milestone in the observatory’s history was the installation of the 2.6 m telescope, one of the largest in the world at the time. Its inauguration in October 1976 was accompanied by a symposium on flare stars, with further scientific meetings on related objects held in 1979 and 1984.

The 53 cm Schmidt Telescope at Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Byurakan astronomers faced economic and scientific challenges. However, by the mid-1990s, a revival began through reorganization and new international collaborations. Thanks to the support of French astronomers, the 2.6 m telescope was equipped with modern instruments, enabling it to produce exciting new results.

Notably, Hambardzumyan's house-museum is also situated within the grounds of the Byurakan Observatory, providing a glimpse into the life and work of this influential figure in Armenian astronomy.

Check out this article as well to learn about the Trophy 1m Schmidt Telescope, which was Hitler's gift to Mussolini and is located at the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory.