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The Armenian Genocide stands as one of the most tragic and harrowing events of the 20th century, during which an estimated 1.5 million Armenians lost their lives at the hands of the Ottoman Empire. Throughout history, numerous renowned figures from various fields have spoken out against this horrific chapter of human tragedy, condemning the atrocities committed and advocating for justice. Here, we delve into some of the poignant statements, (in this list I also included the cynical quote by Adolf Hitler), made by famous individuals regarding the Armenian Genocide. < Back Quotes about the Armenian Genocide The Armenian Genocide stands as one of the most tragic and harrowing events of the 20th century, during which an estimated 1.5 million Armenians lost their lives at the hands of the Ottoman Empire. Throughout history, numerous renowned figures from various fields have spoken out against this horrific chapter of human tragedy, condemning the atrocities committed and advocating for justice. Here, we delve into some of the poignant statements, (in this list I also included the cynical quote by Adolf Hitler), made by famous individuals regarding the Armenian Genocide. "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" - Adolf Hitler In a chilling speech delivered on August 22, 1939, Adolf Hitler, the notorious dictator of Nazi Germany, referred to the Armenian Genocide as a blueprint for his own genocidal ambitions. This statement highlights Hitler's belief that the world would turn a blind eye to his own heinous crimes against humanity, echoing the impunity with which the perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide operated. "Armenia is dying, but it will survive. The little blood that is left is precious blood that will give birth to a heroic generation. A nation that does not want to die, does not die." - Anatole France (1926) "All that I have seen and heard surpasses all imagination. Speaking of 'thousand and one horrors' is very little in this case. I thought I was passing through a part of hell... everywhere it is the same Governmental barbarism which aims at the systematic annihilation through starvation of the survivors of the Armenian nation in Turkey." - August Bernau "I have the honor to report to the Embassy about one of the most severe measures ever taken by any government and one of the greatest tragedies in all history." - Leslie A. Davis A painting by Suren Safarian, 1988 "The massacres that started in 1915 have nothing to compare with the history of mankind. The massacres by Abdul Hamid are minor in comparison to what today's Turks have done." - Fritdjof Nansen (1915) "The Turks were now making a thorough and systematic job of killing Armenian men. The squads of soldiers... were chiefly engaged in hunting down and killing Armenians." - George Horton "The Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust were the quintessential instances of genocide in the modern era." - Robert Melson "Thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians were killed in Turkey. Almost no one dares speak but me, and the nationalists hate me for that." - Orhan Pamuk "The legacy of the Armenian Genocide is woven into the fabric of America." - Adam Schiff "Turks continued their previous policy. They would not stop commit massive and most awful massacres that even Leng Timur would not dare do." - Valeri Brusov (1917) "Like the genocide of the Armenians before it, and the genocide of the Cambodians which followed it, ... the lessons of the Holocaust must never be forgotten." - Ronald Reagan The Armenian Genocide Memorial complex in a foggy weather "It was not war. It was most certainly massacre and genocide, something the world must remember... We will always reject any attempt to erase its record, even for some political advantage." - Yossi Beilin "The association of Mount Ararat and Noah, the staunch Christians who were massacred periodically by the Mohammedan Turks, and the Sunday School collections over fifty years for alleviating their miseries—all cumulate to impress the name Armenia on the front of the American mind." - Herbert Hoover These statements from influential figures underscore the enduring legacy of the Armenian Genocide and the ongoing quest for truth, justice, and recognition. Despite decades of denial and indifference, the voices of those who speak out against genocide serve as beacons of hope and solidarity, ensuring that the victims are never forgotten and that history never repeats itself. It is through remembrance, acknowledgment, and collective action that we honor the memory of the Armenian martyrs and strive for a world free from the scourge of genocide. 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The Armenian language is a unique and fascinating language with a rich history and culture. As one of the oldest languages in the world, Armenian holds a special place not only as a means of communication but also as a vital aspect of Armenia's identity. < Back Armenian Language The Armenian language is a unique and fascinating language with a rich history and culture. As one of the oldest languages in the world, Armenian holds a special place not only as a means of communication but also as a vital aspect of Armenia's identity. Armenian belongs to the Indo-European language family; moreover, it is an independent branch. In the second half of the 19th century, the German linguist Heinrich Hübschmann, in his article "The position of Armenian among the Indo-European languages" published in 1875, proved that Armenian is an independent branch of the Indo-European languages. The commonalities it shares with Persian and other ancient languages (mainly lexical) are not due to origin but are conditioned by loans of a later period. The statue of Mesrop Mashtoc and Koriun in front of Matenadaran The first stage of Armenian is Old Armenian or, as it is commonly called, Grabar. Grabar is the name of the developed literary version of Armenian in the old period. It was used in notebooks, during church ceremonies, and in everyday life. However, over time, the spoken language became so far removed from the written language that the common citizen could not understand it. Nevertheless, grabar was widely used before the 11th century. Middle Armenian or Cilician Armenian was used from the 11th to the 16th century. Of course, it was inferior to Grabar in complexity, but the changes introduced were not enough to make it a language accessible to the public. Frick, Nahapet Kuchak, Grigor Narekatsi, and others created works in this period. Armenian Alphabet Alley in winter. The monument includes sculptures of the 39 letters of the Armenian alphabet and monuments of Armenian greats Ashkharbaar or New Armenian was used from the 17th century and was finally formed in the 19th century. Khachatur Abovian was the pioneer of writing in Ashkharhabar, elevating the language from its traditional oral usage to a literary medium and significantly contributing to its development. Today, the Armenian language is considered the main means of communication for the Armenian people worldwide. Modern Armenian is presented to the public in two branches: Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian. Eastern Armenian is widespread in Armenia, Artsakh, Iran, and post-Soviet countries, while Western Armenian was used in historical Western Armenia and is now spoken in settlements created as a result of the genocide. Despite regional variations, both dialects share a common linguistic core, reinforcing the unity among Armenians globally. Armenian Alphabet The Armenian alphabet was created by Mesrop Mashtots in 405. The creation of the Armenian alphabet, known as the "Mesropian script," was a groundbreaking achievement, providing Armenians with a written language that allowed for the preservation of their cultural and religious heritage. The Armenian language has a long literary history, with a 5th-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. Despite historical challenges, the language has survived and continues to be a vital part of Armenian identity. Whether through the melodic rhythm of its spoken form or the elegant curves of its unique script, the Armenian language continues to enchant scholars and linguists worldwide. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

This brief article is an excerpt from Thomas Wright's book, "The Travels of Marco Polo The Venetian." In the chapters presented below, Marco Polo shares insights about Armenia. The author includes useful footnotes that clarify many archaic names of Armenian locations. < Back Marco Polo about Armenia This brief article is an excerpt from Thomas Wright's book, "The Travels of Marco Polo The Venetian." In the chapters presented below, Marco Polo shares insights about Armenia. The author includes useful footnotes that clarify many archaic names of Armenian locations. Marco Polo, a renowned Venetian merchant and explorer of the 13th century, embarked on a journey from Europe to Asia. Spending 17 years in China, he served as an envoy and diplomat for Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor. Polo documented his extensive travels in a book titled "The Travels of Marco Polo," offering detailed accounts of his experiences, observations, and insights into the culture, geography, politics, and economy of China and other lands. His influential work inspired subsequent travelers and explorers, including Christopher Columbus. Intrigued by Polo's perspective on Armenia, this blog post features an extract from his book (The Travels Of Marco Polo The Venetian by Thomas Wright). Mosaic of Marco Polo displayed in the Palazzo Doria-Tursi, Genoa, Italy Chapter II. Of Armenia Minor—Of the Port of Laiassus—And of the Boundaries of the Province. IN commencing the description of the countries which Marco Polo visited in Asia, and of things worthy of notice which he observed therein, it is proper to mention that we are to distinguish two Armenias, the Lesser and the Greater. 1 The king of the Lesser Armenia dwells in a city called Sebastoz, 2 and rules his dominions with strict regard to justice. The towns, fortified places, and castles are numerous. There is abundance of all necessaries of life, as well as of those things which contribute to its comfort. Game, both of beasts and birds, is in plenty. It must be said, however, that the air of the country is not remarkably healthy. In former times its gentry were esteemed expert and brave soldiers; but at the present day they are great drinkers, pusillanimous, and worthless. On the sea−coast there is a city named Laiassus, 3 a place of considerable traffic. Its port is frequented by merchants from Venice, Genoa, and many other places, who trade in spiceries and drugs of different sorts, manufactures of silk and of wool, and other rich commodities. Those persons who design to travel into the interior of the Levant, 4 usually proceed in the first instance to this port of Laiassus. The boundaries of the Lesser Armenia are, on the south, the Land of Promise, now occupied by the Saracens; 5 on the north, Karamania, inhabited by Turkomans; towards the north−east lie the cities of Kaisariah, Sevasta, 6 and many others subject to the Tartars; and on the western side it is bounded by the sea, which extends to the shores of Christendom. 1 This distinction of the Armenias into the Greater and the Lesser, is conformable to what we find in Ptolemy and the geographers of the middle ages; although other divisions have taken place since that part of Asia has been subject to the Ottoman empire. The Les en Armenia is defined by Büsching as comprehending that part of Cappadocia and Cilicia which lies along the western side of the Greater Armenia, and also on the western side of the Euphrates. That in the days of Haiton it extended south of Taurus, and included Cilicia (campestris), which was not the case in more ancient times, we have the unexceptionable authority of that historian. 2 As it appears from the passage quoted in the preceding note, as well as from other authorities, that Sîs was the capital of the Lesser Armenia during the reigns of the Leons and Haitons, we are led to suppose the Sebastoz here mentioned to have been the ancient name of that city, or of one that stood on the same site. It is obvious, indeed, from the geography of Ptolemy, that there were many places in Asia Minor that bore the names of Sebastia, Sebaste, and Sebastopolis (besides one in Syria), and in his enumeration of the towns of Cilicia, we find a Sebaste, to which, in the Latin translation, published at Venice in 1562, the epithet of “augusta” is annexed. Upon the foundations of this, Leon I. (from whom the country is called by the Arabians, Belad Leon, as well as Belad Sîs), may have built the modern city, and the Greek name may have been still prevalent. We are told, however, that the city which preceded Sis, as the capital of Armenia Minor, was named Messis, Massis, or Massissa, the ancient Mopsuestia, and it must be confessed that if authority was not in opposition to conjecture, the sound of these names might lead us to suppose that the modern name was only an abbreviation of Mes−sis, and Sebastoz a substitution for Mopsueste. In a subsequent part of the chapter the city of Sevasta or Sevaste, the modern Siwas or Sivas, is spoken of under circumstances that appear to distinguish it entirely from the Armenian capital; having been recently conquered by the Moghuls from the Seljuk princes. 3 Lajazzo, or Aïas, is situated in a low, morassy country, formed by the alluvion of the two rivers Sihon and Jihon (of Cilicia), and (as observed to me by Major Rennell) at the present mouth of the latter. Its trade has been transferred to Alexandretta or Scanderoon, on the opposite or Syrian side of the gulf. 4 Levant is a translation of the word Anatolia or Anadoli, from the Greek “ortus, oriens,” signifying the country that lies eastward from Greece. As the name of a region therefore it should be equivalent to Natolia, in its more extensive acceptation; and it is evident that our author employs it to denote Asia Minor. Smyrna is at present esteemed the principal port in the Levant, and the term seems to be now confined to the sea−coast and to mercantile usage. 5 For the Land of Promise, or Palestine, which extends no further to the north than Tyre, is here to be understood Syria, or that part of it called Cælo−Syria, which borders on Cilicia or the southern part of Armenia Minor. As the more general denomination of Syria includes Palestine, and the latter name was, in the time of the Crusades, more familiar to Europeans than the former, it is not surprising that they should sometimes be confounded. The Saracens here spoken of were the subjects of the Mameluk sultans or soldans of Egypt, who recovered from the Christian powers in Syria, what the princes of the family of Saladin, or of the Ayubite dynasty, had lost. In other parts of the work the term is employed indiscriminately with that of Mahometan. 6 The Turkomans of Karamania were a race of Tartars settled in Asia Minor, under the government of the Seljuk princes, of whom an account will be found in the following note. Kaisariah or Cæsarea, and Sevasta or Sebaste, the Sebastopolis Cappadociæ of Ptolemy and Siwas or Sivas of the present day, were cities belonging to the same dynasty, that had been conquered by the Moghuls in the year 1242. Chapter III. Of the Province called Turkomania, where are the Cities of Kogni, Kaisariah, and Sevasta, and of its Commerce. THE inhabitants of Turkomania 1 may be distinguished into three classes. The Turkomans, who reverence Mahomet and follow his law, are a rude people, and dull of intellect. They dwell amongst the mountains and in places difficult of access, where their object is to find good pasture for their cattle, as they live entirely upon animal food. There is here an excellent breed of horses which has the appellation of Turki, and fine mules which are sold at high prices. 2 The other classes are Greeks and Armenians, who reside in the cities and fortified places, and gain their living by commerce and manufacture. The best and handsomest carpets in the world are wrought here, and also silks of crimson and other rich colours. 3 Amongst its cities are those of Kogni, Kaisariah, and Sevasta, in which last Saint Blaise obtained the glorious crown of martyrdom. 4 They are all subject to the great khan, emperor of the Oriental Tartars, who appoints governors to them. 5 We shall now speak of the Greater Armenia. 1 By Turkomania we are to understand, generally, the possessions of the great Seljuk dynasty in Asia Minor, extending from Cilicia and Pamphylia, in the south, to the shores of the Euxine sea, and from Pisidia and Mysia, in the west, to the borders of Armenia Minor; including the greater part of Phrygia and Cappadocia, together with Pontus, and particularly the modern provinces of Karamania and Rumiyah, or the country of Rûm. Of the former of these, the capital. was Iconium, corrupted by the oriental writers to Kuniyah, and by those of the Crusades to Kogni; of the latter, Sebaste or Sebastopolis, corrupted to Siwas or Sivas. The chief from whom the dynasty of Seljuks derived its appellation, was by birth a Turkoman, of Turkistan, on the north−eastern side of the river Sihon or Jaxartes, but in the service of a prince of Khozar, on the Wolga, from which he fled and pursued his fortune in Transoxiana; as did some of his family in Khorasan. Having acquired great celebrity, they were at length enabled, by the means of numerous tribes of Turkomans who joined their standard, to establish a sovereignty, or, in point of extent, an empire, the principal seat of which was in Persia. Another branch, about the year 1080, wrested the fine provinces of Asia Minor from the Greek emperors, and formed the kingdom of which we are now speaking. Through its territory the Christian princes repeatedly forced their way in their progress to the Holy Land, and it is computed by historians that not fewer than six hundred thousand men perished in this preliminary warfare. At length the power of the Seljuks yielded to the overwhelming influence of the house of Jengiz−khan, and in our author's time they were reduced to insignificance; but from their ruins sprang the empire of the Ottomans, the founder of which had been in the service of one of the last sultans of Iconium. 2 The pastoral habits of the Turkoman Tartars are preserved to this day, even in Asia Minor, and the distinction of their tribes subsists also. The Turki breed of horses is esteemed throughout the East, for spirit and hardiness. 3 “Et ibi fiunt soriani et tapeti pulchriores de mundo et pulchrioris coloris" are the words of the Latin text. 4 “Blaise, bishop of Sebasta, in Cappadocia, in the second and third centuries,” says the Biographical Dictionary, “suffered death under Diocletian, by decapitation, after being whipped and having his flesh torn with iron combsIt is difficult to say how the invention (of wool combing) came to be attributed to him; but it had probably no better origin than the circumstance of his being tortured with the instruments used in the combing of wool.” 5 It is the family of Hulagu, and the tribes who followed his standard from the north, whom our author always designates by the name of Oriental Tartars, to distinguish them from the descendants of Batu, who settled near the Wolga, on the north−western side of the Caspian, and extended their conquests towards Europe; whilst the former entered Persia from the Eastern quarter, by the way of Transexiana and Khorasan. Chapter IV. Of Armenia Major, in which are the Cities of Arzingan, Argiron, and Darziz—Of the Castle of Paipurth—Of the Mountain where the Ark of Noah rested—Of the Boundaries of the Province—And of a remarkable Fountain of Oil. ARMENIA Major is an extensive province, at the entrance of which is a city named Arzingan, 1 where there is a manufacture of very fine cotton cloth called bombazines, 2 as well as of many other curious fabrics, which it would be tedious to enumerate. It possesses the handsomest and most excellent baths of warm water, issuing from the earth, that are anywhere to be found. 3 Its inhabitants are for the most part native Armenians, but under the dominion of the Tartars. In this province there are many cities, but Arzingan is the principal, and the seat of an archbishop; and the next in consequence are Argiron 4 and Darziz. 5 It is very extensive, and, in the summer season, the station of a part of the army of the Eastern Tartars, on account of the good pasture it affords for their cattle; but on the approach of winter they are obliged to change their quarters, the fall of snow being so very deep that the horses could not find subsistence, and for the sake of warmth and fodder they proceed to the southward. Within a castle named Paipurth, 6 which you meet with in going from Trebisond to Tauris, there is a rich mine of silver. 7 In the central part of Armenia stands an exceedingly large and high mountain, upon which, it is said, the ark of Noah rested, and for this reason it is termed the mountain of the ark. 8 The circuit of its base cannot be compassed in less than two days. The ascent is impracticable on account of the snow towards the summit, which never melts, but goes on increasing by each successive fall. In the lower region, however, near the plain, the melting of the snow fertilizes the ground, and occasions such an abundant vegetation, that all the cattle which collect there in summer from the neighbouring country, meet with a never−failing supply. 9 Bordering upon Armenia, to the south−west, are the districts of Mosul and Maredin, which shall be described hereafter, and many others too numerous to particularize. To the north lies Zorzania, near the confines of which there is a fountain of oil which discharges so great a quantity as to furnish loading for many camels. 10 The use made of it is not for the purpose of food, but as an unguent for the cure of cutaneous distempers in men and cattle, as well as other complaints; and it is also good for burning. In the neighbouring country no other is used in their lamps, and people come from distant parts to procure it. 1 Arzengân, or, as written by the Arabians, who have not the Persian g, Arzenjân, is a city near the frontier of Rumiyah, but just within the limits of Armenia Major. “Cette ville,” says D'Herbelot, “appartient plutôt à l'Arménie, et fut prise par les Mogols ou Tartares l an 640 de l'Hégire, de J. C. 1242, après la défaite de Kaikhosrou, fils d'Aladin le Selgiucide, aussi bien que les villes de Sébaste et de Césarée.” By an oriental geographer it is said to be, “Oppidum celeberrimum, elegans, amænum, copiosum bonis rebus, incolisque: pertinens ad Armeniam: inter Rumæas provincias et Chalatam situm, haud procul Arzerroumo: esseque incolas ejus maixmam partem Armenios” Alberti Schultens Index Geographicus in Vitam Saladini. Josaphat Barbaro, a Venetian, who travelled into Persia, in the fifteenth century, speaks of Arsengan as a place that had formerly been of consequence, but was then mostly in ruins. 2 The name of a species of cloth which I have here translated “bombazine,” is in the Italian of Ramusio, “bochassini di bambagio,” and in the Latin versions “buchiranus, buchyramis, and bucaramus.” Its substance or texture is not clearly explained in our dictionaries. That of Cotgrave, printed in 1611, defines “boccasin,” to be “a kind of fine buckeram, that hath a resemblance of taffata, and is much used for lining; also the stuffe callimanco.” But this, it is evident, cannot apply to a manufacture of bombagio or cotton; and the Vocabolario della Crusca, as well as the Glossary of Du Cange, speak of “bucherame bianchissima,” and “bucherame bambagino,” and both of them quote our author for the use of the word. All the examples convey the idea of fine, white, and soft cotton cloth; the reverse of what is now called buckram. The early Latin text speaks of boccorame and bambace as two distinct things. 3 Natural warm baths are found in many parts of Asia Minor, and particularly near Ancyra, the modern Angora or Anguri, which are still much frequented. Their situation is denoted by the word Thermæ, in Rennell's map explanatory of the Retreat of the Ten thousand. They are also spoken of at Teflis in Georgia; The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian 35 but of their existence at Arzengan I have not been able to find notice in the works of the Eastern geographers. 4 Argiron, or, in the Latin versions, Argyron, is a corruption of Arzerrûm, Erzerûm, or Arzen er−rûm, a distinctive name given to a city called Arzen, as being the last strong place, in that direction, belonging to the Greek empire. “Arzerrûm,” says Abulfeda, “est extremus finis regionum Rumæorum ab oriente. In ejus orientali et septentrionali latere est fons Euphratis.” 5 Darziz, which in the Basle edition is Darzirim, in the older Latin, Arziu, and in the Italian epitomes, Arciri and Arziri, is the town now called Arjîs, situated on the border of the Lake Van, anciently named Arsissa palus. “Argish,” says Macdonald Kinneir, “is a town containing six thousand inhabitants, situated on the north−west side of the lake, three days' journey from Van. There are four islands in the lake, on one of which is an Armenian monastery, and three hundred priests.” Memoir of the Persian Empire, pp. 328, 329. These places, it may be observed, lay in our author's returning route, from Tauris to Trebisond. 6 Paipurth, the Baiburt of D' Anville's and Rennell's maps, is situated among the mountains, in a northerly direction from Arzerrûm. As the word purt signifies a castle in the Armenian language, and as the Arabian geographers, from not having the letter p in their alphabet, are obliged to substitute the b, it is probable that the former is the more genuine orthography. This castle is particularly noted by Josaphat Barbaro, who says, “Partendo d' essa (Trabisonda) per andar à Thaurisil primo luogo notabile che si trova, è uno castello in piano in una valle d' ognitorno circondata da monti, nominato Baiburth, castel forte e muratoCinque giornate piu in la, si trova ArsenganPoi si ritrova un castello nominato Carpurth.”—Viaggio in Persia, p. 48, ed. 1545, 12mo. 7 Although this particular mine may have been exhausted, silver mines are known to exist in this part of Armenia. 8 The mountain of Armenia (the Ararat of Scripture) upon which the ark is believed by the Christians of that country to have rested, stands not far from the city of Erivan or Irwân. The Mahometans, however, assign to it a different situation. “L'opinion commune des Orientaux,” says D'Herbelot, “est que l'arche de Noë s'arrêta sur la montagne de Gioudi, qui est une des croupes du mont Taurus ou Gordiæus en Arménie, et cette tradition est autorisé en ce pays−là par plusieurs histoires qui approchent fort de la fable.” “Joudi,” says Ibn Haukal, “is a mountain near Nisibin. It is said that the ark of Noah (to whom be peace,) rested on the summit of this mountain.” Ouseley's translation, p. 60. Major Rennell observes, that Jeudi is the part of the Carduchian mountains opposite to the Jezirat ibn Omar, and that the dervishes keep a light burning there, in honour of Noah and his ark. 9 This fertility of the country in the vicinity of the mountains, is noticed by Moses Chorenensis, who says, “Habet autem Araratia montes camposque, atque omnem fæcunditatem.”—Geographia, p. 361. 10 Springs of petroleum or earth (properly, rock) oil, are found in many parts of the world. The spring or fountain here spoken of is that of Baku in Shirvan, on the border of the Caspian. “Near to this place,” says John Cartwright, in what are termed the Preacher's Travels, “is a very strange and wonderful fountain under ground, out of which there springeth and issueth a marvellous quantity of black oyl, which serveth all the parts of Persia to burn in their houses; and they usually carry it all over the country upon kine and asses, whereof you shall oftentimes meet three or four hundred in company.”—Oxford Coll. of Voyages, vol. i. (vii.) p. 731. Strahlenberg speaks of this as a spring of white naphtha, which he distinguishes from the black sort of bitumen; but the most satisfactory account of both white and black naphtha in this district is given by Kæmpfer, in his Amænitates Exoticæ, p. 274−281. 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If you have taken the Tatev ropeway, you have undoubtedly seen a monastic complex nestled in the gorge, hidden deep in the woods. That's the mysterious Big Desert of Tatev, and a visit promises unforgettable memories! < Back The Big Desert of Tatev If you have taken the Tatev ropeway, you have undoubtedly seen a monastic complex nestled in the gorge, hidden deep in the woods. That's the mysterious Big Desert of Tatev, and a visit promises unforgettable memories! The Big Desert of Tatev is a 17th-century Armenian monastery located on the right bank of the river Vorotan, where it meets its tributary Tatev. It was built in the 1660s after an earthquake destroyed the nearby Harants (Fathers') Hermitage of Halidzor in 1658. The Great Hermitage of Tatev has the same layout as the older hermitage but is larger. It's a valuable example of medieval Armenian architecture with a unique design This is how you see the monastic complex when hiking down the gorge! The main part is surrounded by walls with towers, and there's an additional structure with a table-shaped plan on the southern side. It was of a military significance in the 18th century, during the liberation struggle organized by Davit Bek. In 1663, Saint Astvatsatsin, a 3-naved basilica church, was constructed in the south-western part of the desert using smoothly hewn basalt stone. It's an architectural marvel and when you step inside you can feel a rush of positive energy inside you! In 1743, Meliq Yeghan added a vaulted church-porch hall and a small chapel-mausoleum adjacent to the western part of the church. The dining hall in the southern part is a vaulted long structure with a kitchen, small windows, and stone tables. There are 64 vaulted cells for cenobites along the western and northern walls, some with two or three stories, doors, and windows. The desert once had gardens, threshing floors, a wine press, cellars, and a water mill (now broken). The climate here was suitable for viticulture. The Big Desert of Tatev served as a significant educational, religious, and cultural center. Around 700 monks dedicated themselves to spiritual service here, and the Catհolicos of All Armenians, Movses Khorenaci (Syuneci), received education in this spiritual and cultural hub. The Big Desert of Tatev played a vital role in the formation of manuscript centers, where many manuscripts were written in various monasteries and deserts. How to get to the Big Desert of Tatev? First of all, note that there is no road for cars to reach the location. You will need to take a short hike. You can hike to the Big Desert of Tatev by either starting from Tatev Monastery, descending all the way down towards the gorge and concluding your trip on Satan Bridge. Alternatively, you can park your car on Satan Bridge and commence your hike from that point. Inside the monastic complex, you may encounter a hermit who has been living there for several years and prefers not to be photographed, although he is very friendly! Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Paris Herouni was a distinguished Armenian scientist known for his groundbreaking contributions to radio engineering and astrophysics. One of his most notable achievements was the construction of the Radio-Optical Telescope (ROT-54/2.6) in the village of Orgov, Armenia. This article explores Herouni’s scientific legacy, including his pioneering experiments and the remarkable features of his radio-optical telescope. < Back Paris Herouni and Orgov Radio-Optical Telescope Paris Herouni was a distinguished Armenian scientist known for his groundbreaking contributions to radio engineering and astrophysics. One of his most notable achievements was the construction of the Radio-Optical Telescope (ROT-54/2.6) in the village of Orgov, Armenia. This article explores Herouni’s scientific legacy, including his pioneering experiments and the remarkable features of his radio-optical telescope. Early Life and Career Paris Herouni was born in Armenia and completed his early education at Secondary School No. 30 in Yerevan, named after Chkalov. In 1951, he enrolled in the Moscow Power Engineering Institute (MPEI), where he studied radio engineering for six years. After graduating in 1957, Herouni returned to Armenia and began his career as a radio engineer at the Byurakan Observatory. Herouni was known for his innovative approach to radio engineering and his dedication to advancing scientific knowledge in Armenia. Over his career, he published around 353 scientific works, including 248 papers, four monographs, and 25 patents. He was also a passionate science communicator, frequently appearing in newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, with media coverage about him spanning the USSR, Russia, Armenia, USA, France, and Italy. Paris Herouni (Image credits: Հերունու Ազգային Տիեզերական Կենտրոն/Herouni United Space Centre/HUSC/ Facebook page) In the field of theoretical astronomy he created 1958-1964 Theory and calculation methods of large bi-mirror antennas with a fixed spherical main mirror 1963-1965 The theory and equations of diffraction of electromagnetic waves on holes (apertures) with different configurations, as well as the methods of transition from the field of excited holes to the field of the far zone. 1964-1968 Radioholography; new methods for determining fields in space by measuring complex fields in the near field (aperture zone) of radiating and scattering objects. 1967-1970 Methods of determining characteristics of antennas in the far zone by measuring their near field. 1963-1964 The theory of diffraction of the field at the edges of the antenna when a part of its aperture is illuminated. 1970-1975 Metrology of antennas (metrology); theory and standards of antenna characteristics. 1970-1972 Statistical theory of multi-beam antennas and methods of measuring their characteristics. 1980-1984 The method of determining the characteristics of antennas (theory and methods) by measuring their near field on a spherical surface. 1991-1995 Theory and calculation methods of a new type of powerful solar power plant with one stationary spherical collimator. https://video.wixstatic.com/video/103e0a_307c6a6580e2464fb59540634571a52b/1080p/mp4/file.mp4 Paris Herouni about ROT54 telescope In an experimental astronomy he created 1959-1962 Designed, built, and operated a Bimirror Antenna with a fixed spherical main mirror, 5m. in diameter, at that time the largest in the world in mm short wave range. 1960-1988 Designed, built, and used the world's first Radio-Optical Telescope (ROD-54/2.6), "Heruni Mirror Radio Telescope" (patent name), whose Large Antenna (diameter 54 m) characteristics exceed the characteristics of all large antennas in the world. 1988-1992 It denies (due to the exceptionally low level of ROD-54/2.6's own noises) the existence of the so-called "relict background" and the "Big Bang" cosmological theory of the origin of the Universe. In 1985 Discovered a powerful radio flare on the star Etta Gemini, a red giant, on which powerful flares were not previously known. In 1985 Received (through measurements) the world's first Radio Hologram (0.5 m antenna aperture on 8 mm wave). 1968-1993 Designed and built the world's first, a series of highly efficient automatic equipment complexes for measuring the characteristics of different types of antenna systems in their near zone, on different channels. 1971-1991 Designed and built the world's first eleven National Primary standards for RF and microwave antenna characteristics and phase deviation angle. 1976-1979 For measuring the characteristics of antennas installed on flying machines (in their real flight conditions), he created the first complex of equipment, which includes a special antenna with a diameter of 18 m. 1987-1991 Designed and built a unique two-mirror antenna of submillimeter range (0.1mm-3cm) with a diameter of 3.2m at an altitude of 3,200m. 1992-2004 Proposed a new type of high-efficiency and environmentally friendly Solar power plant ("Arev" project) and is building its first experimental example, with a capacity of 100 kW, at the Aragats Scientific Center of RGHI at an altitude of 1,750 m. 1994-2002 Astronomical methods proved that the prehistoric stone monument near the city of Sisian was the first, powerful and highly developed Observatory in the world, named "Karahunj", which was active more than 7,500 years ago. 1957-1962 He designed and built the first antennas and radio receivers in Armenia in the 50 cm and 8 mm bands. The Radio-Optical Telescope (ROT-54/2.6) Constructed between 1975 and 1985, the telescope became operational in 1986 and continued until 1990 when it ceased operations due to financial and technical challenges. A restoration proposal emerged in the mid-1990s, leading to a modernization phase between 1995 and 2010, which included the installation of new control computers and updated feeds. Observations were resumed in collaboration with the Astronomical Society of Russia and the National Technical University of Athens. However, in 2012, operations were halted once more due to a control arm failure that immobilized the secondary mirror. Herouni Mirror Radio Telescope (Зеркальный радиотелескоп геруни) Patent No. 1377941 Image credits: База патентов СССР (USSR Patent Database) The ROT-54/2.6 consists of 4,000 mirrors, a large two-mirror antenna with a diameter of 54 meters, which is combined with an optical telescope with a diameter of 2.6 meters. During its operational years, the ROT-54/2.6 made significant contributions to astrophysics. Notably, it recorded a powerful radio flare on the red giant star Eta Gemini in 1985, where such flares had not been observed before. The telescope’s high sensitivity allowed it to detect faint radio waves from distant stars and galaxies, providing valuable data to the scientific community. Additionally, due to its exceptionally low noise levels, Herouni used the ROT-54/2.6 to challenge prevailing cosmological theories, such as the existence of the "relic background" and the Big Bang theory. Paris Herouni and renowned Armenian poet Silva Kaputikian (Image credits: Հերունու Ազգային Տիեզերական Կենտրոն/Herouni United Space Centre/HUSC/ Facebook page) Herouni’s interests extended into archaeoastronomy, where he conducted studies on the ancient megalithic site of Zorats Karer (Karahunj) in the Syunik region, using data from telescopes worldwide. He concluded that the site was an observatory with a history spanning more than 7,500 years. The construction process of ROT54 telescope in Orgov village (Image credits: Հերունու Ազգային Տիեզերական Կենտրոն/Herouni United Space Centre/HUSC/ Facebook page) Paris Herouni’s legacy is marked by his relentless pursuit of scientific discovery and his contributions to radio engineering and astrophysics. His innovative spirit lives on through the remarkable technologies and institutions he established, leaving an indelible mark on Armenia's scientific heritage. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Khash is one of the oldest and most traditional Armenian dishes. This hot, gelatinous soup made from cow feet has long been a staple in Armenian culture and has spread throughout the Caucasus. The word khash comes from the Armenian verb khashel, meaning “to boil.” It also appears in names of other dishes like khashlama, khashil, and khashu. In this article, you'll discover the origins of khash and how it’s prepared. < Back Khash – One of the Most Unusual Armenian Dishes Khash is one of the oldest and most traditional Armenian dishes. This hot, gelatinous soup made from cow feet has long been a staple in Armenian culture and has spread throughout the Caucasus. The word khash comes from the Armenian verb khashel, meaning “to boil.” It also appears in names of other dishes like khashlama, khashil, and khashu. In this article, you'll discover the origins of khash and how it’s prepared. Khash was originally considered food for the poor. As the story goes, a rich man once gave away a cow’s legs after keeping the best cuts. Later, he passed by a poor man’s home and was surprised by the aroma of something delicious—khash made from the very legs he had discarded. Since then, cow legs gained value and the dish earned respect. The main ingredient in khash is beef feet. Sometimes stomach is added too. First the feet are steamed and thoroughly cleaned to remove hair.. Then they’re soaked under running water for 10–12 hours to eliminate odors. Since the legs are mostly tendons and bone, they’re simmered for 6–8 hours. Cooking usually begins at night, so the dish can be served early in the morning. That’s the tradition: khash is a dawn meal, believed to strengthen the body with its rich collagen content. Khash as served at Amberd Restaurant in Armenia. How It's Served Khash is eaten with: Chopped garlic Salt Sliced radish Lavash bread Pickled vegetables Vodka And yes—vodka is part of the tradition. The eating process is a ritual in itself. Diners break dry lavash into the soup or use it to scoop the broth by hand. Often, the plate is covered with lavash, and small corners are opened to pull out the food piece by piece. Khash is mostly enjoyed in winter. In summer, Armenians head to high-altitude restaurants on Mount Aragats—up to 3,200 meters—to keep the tradition alive. It's not just about food; it’s a social event shared with friends and family, usually early in the morning. Not everyone loves khash at first, but those who do become loyal fans. It’s a great excuse to gather, feast, and toast. While it was once seen as a “man’s dish,” in recent years it’s gained popularity among women too. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

This article offers concise details about the Geghama mountain range, covering its geography, flora, fauna, and historical monuments. It serves as a valuable tourist guide for those eager to take a hiking trip to Geghama mountains. < Back Geghama Mountains and Azhdahak This article offers concise details about the Geghama mountain range, covering its geography, flora, fauna, and historical monuments. It serves as a valuable tourist guide for those eager to take a hiking trip to Geghama mountains. The Geghama Mountains, also known as the Geghama Ridge, are a range of mountains located in Armenia. This mountain ridge stretches between Lake Sevan and the Ararat Plain, covering a length of 70 km and a width of 48 km. The range is of volcanic origin and the volcanic activity in the area peaked around 200 ka (in the context of geology, “ka” stands for “kilo-annum”, which is a unit of time equal to one thousand years. So, when it is said that the volcanic activity peaked around 200 ka, it means that the peak of the volcanic activity occurred approximately 200,000 years ago). The volcanoes Spitaksar (3560 m) and Geghasar (3446 m), which erupted 120ka and 80-40ka ago respectively, are sources of obsidian in Armenia. Satellite image of Geghama mountain ranage The highest peak of the Geghama mountains is Azhdahak, standing tall at 3597m, while the average elevation of the range is approximately 2500m. A lake has formed in the crater of the Azhdahak volcano, which is fed by meltwater throughout the year. Another crater lake is located in the crater of the Tar volcano, adjacent to Azhdahak. The second highest mountain is Spitakasar, with a height of 3560 meters above sea level. The frozen crater lake of Mount Azhdahak The name of the Geghama Ridge is associated with the name of Gegham - the great-grandson of the legendary ancestor of the Armenians, Hayk. Ecology The bird fauna of the Geghama mountains includes about 250 species, accounting for 70% of all Armenia’s avifauna. The area is home to a variety of bird species including: Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus), Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), Imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca), Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus). Animals include hares, rabbits, wolves, foxes, rarely bears, and reptiles include lizards and snakes. ------ The following plants are typically found in the Gegham Mountains: Peacock-eye pink (Dianthus pavonius) Whiteout (Iberis sempervirens) Basket of gold (Aurinia saxatilis) Jurinea moschus Arabis caucasica Catsfoot diclinous (Antennaria dioica) Gentiana pontica Red everlasting (Helichrysum pallasii) Lady’s-mantle (Alchemilla grossheimii) Alpine cinquefoil (Potentilla crantzi) Sibbaldia (Sibbaldia parviflora) Merendera Radde (Colchicum raddeanum) Oxytrope Lazica (Oxytropis lazica) Vavilovia Oshe (Lathyrus formosus). Peacock-eye pink (Dianthus pavonius) Historical Monuments Petroglyphs The Geghama mountains are rich in historical monuments, including petroglyphs and dragonstones, indicating that there were settlements in the area for thousands of years. There are a few geographical areas in Armenia where petroglyphs are concentrated; Geghama Ridge is among them! A quick glance at this petroglyph reveals images of deers and bulls A great number of petroglyphs (rock carvings) have been found in the area. These are source of historical information and in some sense can be treated as written monuments. They show men in scenes of hunting and working, as well as both domesticated and wild animals. Additionally, they depict astronomical bodies such as the Sun, the Moon, constellations, and the stellar sky. Phenomena such as lightning is also represented. Sketches of petroglyphs of Geghama mountains. (The petroglyphs of Geghama mountains/H.A. Martirosyan, 1981). Image colors are inverted Rock carvings can be used as rich sources of paleogeological information. Dominant among rock-carved animals is the bezoar goat, widespread in the high Alpine zones of prehistoric Armenia. Armenia offered favorable conditions for early goat and sheep domestication and improvement through crossbreeding with wild stock. Of high artistic quality among all the images in the Geghama mountain range are the lutiform carvings of deer, which impress with their realistic form. The study of rock carvings has brought to light another member of the extinct fauna - the elk. Dragon stone or Vishapakar Vishapakar, also known as dragons, dragon-stones, megalithic monuments, or menhirs, are monoliths abundant in the Armenian Highland. Situated at high altitudes, they are often found near natural and artificial ponds, as well as other water sources in proximity to high-altitude lakes, forming an intricate connection to the worship of water. A sketch of the dragonstone located near Dragon lake from Boris Piotrovsky’s book "Vishaps, Stone Monuments in Armenian Mountains." There are approximately 150 known vishaps discovered in the Armenian Highland, and 90 of them are located in Armenia. Most of the Vishaps found were lying horizontally, having fallen from their original standing positions. The concept of Vishaps was first introduced by the Armenian writer Atrpet in 1880, and his work was later published in 1926. In 1909, scientists began studying dragonstones (or vishaps) found in the Gegham mountains. That same year, during excavations at Armenia’s Pagan Temple of Garni by Nicholas Marr and Yakov Smirnov, local residents shared stories about Vishaps dwelling in the mountains. This prompted a scientific expedition to the Gegham mountains to confirm the existence of Vishaps and assess their scientific significance. Nicholas Marr standing near a dragon-stone in Geghama mountains, 1909 The findings from the Gegham mountains were published in 1931. They are considered to be Armenia’s oldest monuments, and to this day, they continue to be examined by scientists. The southeastern slopes of the Gegham mountains contain the Khosrov Forest, planted in the 4th century by Khosrov I and converted into a state park in 1958. During the summer season Geghama ridge is being inhabited by nomadic herders. This mountainous region attracts tourists from around the world with its charming landscapes and historical monuments. It is a must-visit destination for those who love to lead an active lifestyle and feel the calming presence of nature. Lakes in Geghama Mountains Lake Akna The largest lake in the Geghama mountain range is Lake Akna. It is situated at an elevation of 3030 meters above sea level, with a surface area of 0.5 square kilometers. The maximum depth is 15 meters, and the water capacity is 3.91 million cubic meters. It is primarily fed by snowmelt and springs. Sunset as seen from the shore of lake Akna In 1959, a reservoir was created by damming the lake. It underwent reconstruction in 1976, and its length is now 360 meters. Dragon Lake Dragon Lake is located 9 km east of Geghard village, at an altitude of 2620 meters above sea level, covering an area of 30 hectares. Dragon lake in Geghama mountains Lake Nazeli The lake is situated approximately 1.5 km east of Mount Nazeli at an altitude of 3100 meters. In old maps, it is referred to as Badi (Duck) Lake. The last photo before descending towards lake Nazeli Coming back to Azhdahak! This mountain is a popular tourist destination, renowned for its breathtaking landscapes and crater lake. Its unique beauty and volcanic origin make it a must-visit location. For a hiking tour to mount Azhdahak check out this link please! Thanks Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Here are several quotes that capture the essense of mountain climbing – the physical challenge, the mental resilience, the breathtaking beauty, and the deep connection to nature. Whether you're an experienced climber or simply someone who dreams of reaching the top, these words can inspire you to push your limits and embrace the journey. < Back Mountain Climbing Quotes Here are several quotes that capture the essense of mountain climbing – the physical challenge, the mental resilience, the breathtaking beauty, and the deep connection to nature. Whether you're an experienced climber or simply someone who dreams of reaching the top, these words can inspire you to push your limits and embrace the journey. 1. "Great things are done when men and mountains meet." - William Blake 2. "Mountains are not fair or unfair, they are just dangerous." – Reinhold Messner 3. “Life’s a bit like mountaineering - never look down.” - Edmund Hillary 4. "It is not the mountain we conquer, but ourselves." - Edmund Hillary 5. "The best view comes after the hardest climb." - Unknown 6. One does not conquer the mountain. One conquers oneself by going through the mountain." - Ed Douglas (from "K2") 7. "A man at the top of a mountain didn’t fall there from the sky."- Confucius 8. “The summit is always further than you think.” - Unknown 9. "The only mountains that are better are the ones you haven't been to yet." - Vladimir Vysotsky 10. "Mountains are not stadiums where I satisfy my ambition to achieve, they are the cathedrals where I practice my religion." - Anatoli Boukreev 11. “In the mountains there are only two grades: You can either do it, or you can’t.” - Rusty Baille 12. "The difference between a mountain and a hill is just the size of the climb." - Neil Armstrong 13. "The summit is beautiful, but the path is where the heart is." - Paulo Coelho 14. "When preparing to climb a mountain, pack a light heart.”– Dan May 15. "A mountain is not conquered, it is understood." - Edmund Hillary Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Explore the hidden beauty of Horomayr Monastery, a medieval architectural wonder in Armenia's Lori region. Perfect for those seeking outdoor adventure, this site offers stunning views of the Lori Gorge and is a must-visit on your tours in Armenia. Hike in Armenia along the scenic trails that lead to this captivating destination and discover the ancient treasures of Horomayr Monastery. < Back Horomayr Monastery: A Hidden Medieval Treasure in Armenia's Lori Region Explore the hidden beauty of Horomayr Monastery, a medieval architectural wonder in Armenia's Lori region. Perfect for those seeking outdoor adventure, this site offers stunning views of the Lori Gorge and is a must-visit on your tours in Armenia. Hike in Armenia along the scenic trails that lead to this captivating destination and discover the ancient treasures of Horomayr Monastery. Horomayr Monastery is a stunning medieval architectural complex located 1.5 km southeast of Odzun village in the Lori region of Armenia. Built in the 12th and 13th centuries, this complex consists of two distinct groups of monuments. The lower Horomayr complex is situated on the left bank slope of the Debed River, nestled under a vertically hanging rock, while the upper Horomayr complex is perched higher on the valley's edge. The upper complex is also known as Dzoraezri Monastery, and the lower group of monuments was historically referred to as Surb Nshan or Dzoramiji Monastery. The upper Horomayr complex known as Dzoraezri Monastery Dzoraezri Monastery features two churches, a vestibule, and a medieval cemetery on its western side. The Dzoramiji Monastery includes a small church-bell tower, a separate hall, chapels, khachkars, and rock carvings, all arranged in a harmonious row. From the upper complex, a breathtaking view of the Lori Gorge and the lower complex unfolds, captivating tourists who often find themselves sitting on the edge of the cliff, soaking in the majestic scenery. The lower Horomayr complex known as Dzoramiji Monastery The lower Horomayr complex is also a popular hiking destination, with a trail that starts in the center of Odzun village, winds through the Horomayr complex, and ends at Kobayr Monastery. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

When we gaze upon the diverse landscapes that Earth offers, we often encounter varying elevations, from gentle slopes to towering peaks. Two common landforms that share this vertical dimension are hills and mountains. While the terms are frequently used interchangeably, there are distinct characteristics that differentiate them. < Back The difference between a hill and a mountain When we gaze upon the diverse landscapes that Earth offers, we often encounter varying elevations, from gentle slopes to towering peaks. Two common landforms that share this vertical dimension are hills and mountains. While the terms are frequently used interchangeably, there are distinct characteristics that differentiate them. Back in the 1920s, the British Ordnance Survey had a straightforward method of categorizing mountains - anything rising above 1,000 feet (304 meters) was considered a mountain. Following suit, the United States also adopted a similar approach, defining a mountain based on local relief exceeding 1,000 feet. However, in the late 1970s, both countries abandoned this distinction, departing from the old classification norms. So, what's the difference? A hill and a mountain are both natural land formations that rise out of the landscape, but they differ in several ways: What is a Hill? In general, hills are considered to have a lower elevation than mountains and a more rounded or mound-like shape than a distinct peak. Some commonly accepted characteristics of a hill include: A natural mound of earth formed either by faulting or erosion. A gentle "bump" in the landscape, gradually rising from its surroundings. Typically under 2,000 feet in height (although this is a general guideline, not a strict rule). A rounded top with no clearly defined summit. Often lacks a specific name. Easily accessible for climbing. Hills might have once stood as mountains that succumbed to erosion over numerous millennia. Conversely, many mountains, like the Himalayas in Asia, owe their existence to tectonic faults and might have, at some point, been classified as hills. What is a Mountain? While mountains are typically taller than hills, there is no official height designation. An abrupt difference in local topography is often described as a mountain, and such features will often have "mount" or "mountain" in their name. Examples include Mount Aragats, Mount Azhdahak and Mount Khustup. Some commonly accepted characteristics of a mountain are: A natural mound of earth formed by faulting. A steep rise in the landscape, often abrupt in comparison to its surroundings. Typically exceeding a minimum height of about 2,000 feet (610 meters) (though this is a general guideline, not a strict rule). A steep slope and a well-defined summit or peak. Often bestowed with a name. Depending on the slopes and elevation, mountains can present a challenge to climbers. Remember, these are general characteristics and there can be exceptions. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

This tour takes you inside one of the most remarkable scientific sites of Soviet Armenia — the Yerevan Physics Institute Synchrotron. In a country best known for ancient monasteries and volcanic landscapes, few expect to find a particle accelerator. Yet Armenia holds its own place in the history of high-energy physics. Better known as YerPhI, this Soviet-era research complex hides a massive underground accelerator once used for advanced experiments in nuclear and particle physics. Today, it offers a rare opportunity to explore a place where science, history, and mystery come together. < Back Tour to Armenia’s Particle Accelerator This tour takes you inside one of the most remarkable scientific sites of Soviet Armenia — the Yerevan Physics Institute Synchrotron. In a country best known for ancient monasteries and volcanic landscapes, few expect to find a particle accelerator. Yet Armenia holds its own place in the history of high-energy physics. Better known as YerPhI, this Soviet-era research complex hides a massive underground accelerator once used for advanced experiments in nuclear and particle physics. Today, it offers a rare opportunity to explore a place where science, history, and mystery come together. Brief information Founded in 1943 by renowned physicists Abraham Alikhanov and Artem Alikhanyan, the institute quickly became a key center of scientific research. In the 1960s, construction began on a major underground accelerator complex. By 1965, the LU-75 linear accelerator was completed, followed in 1967 by a 6 GeV synchrotron. This complex was once among the most advanced in the USSR, operating over 5,000 hours annually at its peak. The Arus synchrotron, with a diameter of around 70 meters and a circumference of about 220 meters, accelerated electrons to near light speed. It also generated polarized photon beams used in precise particle interaction experiments. Itinerary 1. Pick-up & Drive Your tour begins with a comfortable pick-up from your location in Yerevan. A short drive brings us to what was once the outskirts of the city, where the accelerator was built in the 1960s. 2. Arrival at YerPhI We then enter the main building and step into the control room, where vintage panels look straight out of a sci-fi film. An elevator takes us four floors underground. The atmosphere shifts instantly. 3. The Underground Complex Explore the depths of this Cold War-era facility, where cutting-edge research once took place in complete isolation. • Massive reinforced concrete structures • Thick, lead-lined doors for radiation shielding • A true hidden “scientific bunker” • A network of pipes and complex machinery ensuring cooling and stable operation of the accelerator 4. The Particle Accelerator At the core of the visit lies the circular synchrotron: • 70 meters in diameter • Built in 1967 • Designed to accelerate electrons to near light speed __________________ Why This Tour? This is not a typical tourist experience. It’s designed for those who want something different — a mix of science, Soviet heritage, and underground exploration. If you’re tired of standard routes and want a story few people know, this tour delivers exactly that. ____________________ Key Information • Duration: 3–4 hours • Tour Price: 50,000 AMD • Entrance Fee: 20,000 AMD (per group up to 4 people — same price whether you are alone or 4) • Pick-up & Drop-off: Included (from your address) The tour is conducted in a Mitsubishi Pajero 4 Note that the tour can also be combined with visits to other Soviet-era scientific sites, such as ROT54 or the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, for an additional fee. For more details or to book a tour, feel free to contact me directly via WhatsApp or Telegram for a quick response! Project Gallery You May Also Like Tour to Armenia’s Particle Accelerator Climb Mount Artanish & Explore Sevanavank Monastery Urbex Tour to the Trophy 1m Schmidt Telescope at Byurakan Observatory Hiking from Lake Parz to Gosh Village Urbex Tour to ROT54 – Explore Armenia’s Most Fascinating Abandoned Place Hike Armenia by choosing the popular Smbataberd trail From Yerevan to Mount Aragats Hiking Tour to Mount Azhdahak — The Best Trail in Armenia Previous Next

Exploring abandoned places can be a thrilling and enriching experience, offering a unique glimpse into the past and a chance to discover forgotten stories. Whether you're a seasoned urban explorer or a curious newcomer, finding these hidden gems requires a mix of research, patience, and respect for the locations you visit. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to find abandoned places for your next adventure. < Back How to Find Abandoned Places: A Guide for Urban Explorers Exploring abandoned places can be a thrilling and enriching experience, offering a unique glimpse into the past and a chance to discover forgotten stories. Whether you're a seasoned urban explorer or a curious newcomer, finding these hidden gems requires a mix of research, patience, and respect for the locations you visit. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to find abandoned places for your next adventure. 1. Online Research The internet is your most powerful tool for locating abandoned places. Here are some effective ways to use it: Urban Exploration Websites and Forums: Websites of urban explorers and forums dedicated to urban exploration are treasure troves of information. Members share photos and videos, but rarely the exact locations. Is finding the location still an issue? Let’s move forward… Social Media : Platforms like Instagram, Reddit, and Facebook have dedicated groups and hashtags (e.g., #urbex , #abandonedplaces ) where explorers share their finds and tips. Research each photo in detail; you may see something written on the wall, documents, or posters that can disclose the location. If there is a horizon, that makes things easier! Try to identify familiar buildings and mountains. For example, in this image, G. Mattu inadvertently revealed the location of the mosaic. Meanwhile, many were asking, "Where is this?" Lol. Image credits: G. Mattu Google Earth and Maps: Use satellite imagery to spot potentially abandoned buildings and structures. Look for signs of decay, rusty roofs, overgrown vegetation, and lack of maintenance, and no cars parked nearby. Remember, Google Earth is your most reliable tool in finding the best places, but it requires time and dedication. Thanks to it, you may find places that no one has ever stepped in. Sometimes, after checking the building, you may be disappointed, but the reward comes to the most talented, hardworking, and dedicated explorers! Google Earth is such a powerful tool that you can even find crushed planes in the mountains! When it comes to finding crushed planes I should probably dedicate another article to it! Meanwhile a small task: The accident happened in 1990 in Armenia. Where is the plane? 2. Historical Research Understanding the history of an area can lead you to abandoned sites. Here’s how to dig deeper: Local Archives and Libraries: Visit local archives, libraries, and historical societies to find old maps, documents, and records of now-defunct industries, bunkers, schools, and other establishments. Newspaper Archives: Search for articles about business closures, natural disasters, or economic downturns that might have led to abandonment. For example thanks to “Soviet Art” Armenian magazine we learned about a lot of hidden artworks which in fact survived up to moderns days. Thanks to the Soviet Armenian magazine "Soviet Art," I learned about this fresco Books and Documentaries: There are numerous books and documentaries on urban decay and abandoned places that can provide leads and inspiration. 3. Networking with Local Explorers Building connections with other urban explorers can be invaluable. Here’s how to connect: Meetup Groups: Look for local urban exploration or photography meetup groups where members share information and organize joint explorations. Online Forums and Social Media Groups: Join online communities where you can ask questions, share experiences, and get recommendations. Attending Events: Attend urban exploration conferences, talks, and workshops to meet like-minded people and learn about new locations. Social Networks: Get acquainted with professionals by showing interest and passion for their work. Important Reminder for Novice Urban Explorers: Please refrain from sending the following message to urban explorers: "Hello, where is this?" Remember : Every piece of information has value. To build a strong and supportive community, always offer something in exchange for what you seek. This reciprocal approach fosters trust and collaboration within the community. 4. Fieldwork and Scouting Sometimes, nothing beats old-fashioned scouting. Here’s how to do it effectively: Drive or Walk Around: Spend time driving or walking through older parts of towns and cities. Look for telltale signs of abandonment like boarded-up windows, overgrown lots, and faded signs. Ask Locals: Engage with local residents, especially older ones, who might have knowledge of abandoned places and their histories. In return, they may ask why you want to find those places. Be prepared with a convincing explanation that you are not a looter. Show gratitude for their help, and if someone is hesitant to share information, politely offer something in return to express your thanks. Carrying a big camera often helps create a trustworthy atmosphere. I know this from personal experience. Follow Leads: Keep an eye out for leads while exploring other sites. One abandoned place often leads to another. 5. Using Technology Leverage technology to enhance your search: Drones: Use drones to get a bird’s-eye view of large areas and spot potential sites that are difficult to see from the ground. Fly high to avoid cables and for staying unnoticed. Conclusion Finding abandoned places requires a mix of online research, historical digging, networking, and good old-fashioned exploration. By using these strategies and respecting the locations, you can uncover hidden gems and enjoy the unique thrill of urban exploration. Safe and memorable exploration! In this article you can find more information on how to urbex. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk