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Acclimatization is the physiological process by which your body adjusts to lower oxygen levels (hypoxia) at high altitudes. As you ascend, the atmospheric pressure decreases, meaning there are fewer oxygen molecules in each breath you take. This reduced oxygen availability can lead to altitude sickness, a range of potentially serious conditions. Proper acclimatization is crucial for safe and enjoyable mountaineering, especially when tackling peaks above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet). Let’s talk about the process. < Back Acclimatization: The Key to Safe and Successful High-Altitude Climbing Acclimatization is the physiological process by which your body adjusts to lower oxygen levels (hypoxia) at high altitudes. As you ascend, the atmospheric pressure decreases, meaning there are fewer oxygen molecules in each breath you take. This reduced oxygen availability can lead to altitude sickness, a range of potentially serious conditions. Proper acclimatization is crucial for safe and enjoyable mountaineering, especially when tackling peaks above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet). Let’s talk about the process. To grasp the importance of acclimatization in mountaineering, imagine this: if a person were to suddenly arrive at the summit of Mount Everest (8,848 meters) from sea level without proper acclimatization, their body would face an immediate, life-threatening crisis due to the extreme altitude and severe lack of oxygen. Here's what would happen: 1. Severe Hypoxia (Lack of Oxygen) At the summit of Everest, the atmospheric pressure is only about one-third of that at sea level, meaning the oxygen available is drastically reduced. Without acclimatization, the body cannot extract enough oxygen to sustain basic physiological functions. This would lead to confusion, loss of consciousness, and eventually death if oxygen isn't supplied immediately. 2. Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) Symptoms like headache, nausea, dizziness, and fatigue would set in almost instantly due to the lack of oxygen. 3. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) The sudden exposure to high altitude could cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs, leading to extreme shortness of breath, a dry cough that may progress to pink frothy sputum, and a feeling of suffocation. 4. High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE) Swelling in the brain due to hypoxia could occur, leading to confusion, hallucinations, loss of coordination, and possibly coma. 5. Extreme Fatigue and Circulatory Stress The lack of oxygen would place immense strain on the cardiovascular system. The heart rate would skyrocket in an attempt to deliver more oxygen to tissues, while muscles would rapidly tire, rendering movement almost impossible. 6. Rapid Deterioration and Likely Death Within minutes to hours, the combination of hypoxia, fluid buildup in the lungs and brain, and the body's inability to adapt would lead to death unless immediate medical intervention, such as supplemental oxygen and descent to a lower altitude, is provided. This scenario underscores the importance of gradual acclimatization, which allows the body to adapt to lower oxygen levels by increasing red blood cell production, improving oxygen delivery to tissues, and reducing the risk of altitude-related illnesses. So why is Acclimatization Important? Without proper acclimatization, you risk developing altitude sickness, which can manifest in several forms: Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS): The mildest form, with symptoms like headache, nausea, fatigue, and dizziness. High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Fluid buildup in the lungs, a potentially life-threatening condition. High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE): Swelling of the brain, also life-threatening. Acclimatization allows your body to adapt to the lower oxygen levels by: Increasing breathing rate: To take in more oxygen. Producing more red blood cells: To carry more oxygen throughout the body. Releasing more of an enzyme that facilitates the release of oxygen from hemoglobin to the body tissues. Adjusting kidney function: To maintain proper fluid balance. Members of 1924 Everest expedition. “We certainly, in 1924, did learn a great deal about the extent to which acclimatization is progressive. It was also quite clearly established, I think, that those who had lived for considerable periods at a height of over 16,000 feet, even after the lapse of two years, got their acclimatization more rapidly than beginners. Even in 1922 we noticed that Mallory was far fitter at high altitudes than anyone else at the start.” - The Fight for Everest 1924: Mallory, Irvine and the Quest for Everest by E.F. Norton How Acclimatization Works: The key principle of acclimatization is gradual ascent. This allows your body time to adjust to each new altitude. The general guidelines are: "Climb High, Sleep Low": Ascend to a higher altitude during the day, but descend to a lower altitude to sleep. This exposes your body to the lower oxygen levels but allows it to recover at a lower altitude. 300-500 meters (1,000-1,600 feet) per day above 3,000 meters (10,000 feet): This is a general guideline for ascent rate. However, individual responses vary, and you may need to ascend slower. To illustrate the acclimatization process in mountaineering, let's examine two peaks: Lenin Peak (7,134 meters) and Mount Everest (8,848 meters). Acclimatization on Mount Lenin: A Detailed Look The entire expedition to Mount Lenin typically spans 14 to 21 days, with a significant portion dedicated to acclimatization. This period allows climbers to progressively adjust to higher elevations, ensuring the body adapts adequately to the reduced oxygen availability. While not as high as Everest, Mount Lenin's altitude still presents a significant challenge and requires careful acclimatization to prevent altitude sickness. Here's a typical approach: 1. Arrival and Trek to Base Camp (approx. 3-4 days): Most expeditions start in Osh, Kyrgyzstan, from where you'll travel to Base Camp (BC) at "Achik-Tash" (3,600m / 11,800ft). This journey is often done by vehicle, but it's still important to take it relatively easy on the first day at BC to begin the acclimatization process. Some operators include a short acclimatization hike to "Edelweiss Meadow" (around 3,800m / 12,500ft) near BC. 2. Acclimatization Rotations (approx. 10-14 days): The core of acclimatization on Lenin Peak involves a series of rotations between different camps: "Climb High, Sleep Low" Principle: Climbers will typically ascend to a higher camp, spend some time there to acclimatize, and then descend back to a lower camp to sleep. This process is repeated multiple times. Rest Days: Rest days at Base Camp and Camp 1 are essential for recovery and adaptation. Base Camp (3,600m / 11,800ft) to Camp 1 (4,400m / 14,400ft): This is a relatively straightforward hike across moraine and some gentle glacier terrain. Camp 1 (4,400m / 14,400ft) to Camp 2 (5,300m / 17,400ft): This is a more challenging day, involving steeper slopes and potentially some fixed ropes. Camp 2 (5,300m / 17,400ft) to Camp 3 (6,100m / 20,000ft) or Razdelnaya Peak (6,148m / 20,170ft): This is the most crucial acclimatization stage. Spending nights at Camp 3 or even making a short ascent to Razdelnaya Peak and returning to Camp 2 is highly recommended. 3. Summit Push (approx. 3-4 days): Once acclimatized, the summit push typically follows this schedule: Camp 2 (5,300m / 17,400ft) to Camp 3 (6,100m / 20,000ft): Move up to Camp 3. Camp 3 (6,100m / 20,000ft) to High Camp (6,400m / 21,000ft) or Camp 4 (6,900m / 22,600ft - less common): Move to the highest camp. Some expeditions skip Camp 4 to shorten the summit day. Summit Day: Start very early (around midnight or 1 am) for the summit push. The route involves climbing on snow and ice slopes, with some sections that may require the use of ropes and ice axes. Descent: Descend as quickly as possible after reaching the summit to avoid spending too much time at high altitude. Typical Timeline Summary: Arrival and Trek to BC: 3-4 days Acclimatization Rotations: 10-14 days Summit Push and Descent: 3-4 days Total Expedition Time: 16-22 days (approximately 2-3 weeks) Key Considerations for Mount Lenin Acclimatization: Altitude: While lower than Everest, 7,134m is still very high, and altitude sickness can be a serious concern. Weather: The weather on Lenin Peak can be unpredictable, with strong winds and sudden changes in temperature. Crevasses: There are crevasses on the route, especially on the glacier sections, so proper glacier travel skills and rope techniques are essential. Individual Acclimatization: As with any high-altitude climb, individual responses to altitude vary. It's vital to listen to your body and descend if you experience symptoms of altitude sickness. “At the same spot where the British pioneers set up their base camp, I camped for more than 2 months. From there I put an intermediate camp at 6,000 meters and 500 meters higher, my advanced base camp as a starting point for the solo climb to the summit. From base camp, I made numerous acclimatization and reconnaissance sorties to the north, west, and south.” - Reinhold Messner, “Crystal Horizon: Everest - The First Solo Ascent”. For more about Messner's acclimatization process check out this article The Everest Acclimatization Process: A Detailed Look The goal of acclimatization on Everest is to gradually expose your body to the decreasing oxygen levels at higher altitudes, allowing it to adapt and minimize the risk of altitude sickness. This is achieved through a series of ascents and descents, known as rotations. 1. Trek to Base Camp (approx. 8-10 days): The journey typically begins with a trek to Everest Base Camp (EBC) at 5,364 meters (17,598 feet). This trek itself is part of the acclimatization process, as you gradually gain altitude over several days. You'll typically spend nights in villages like Namche Bazaar (3,440m/11,290ft) and Dingboche (4,410m/14,470ft), allowing your body to adjust to the increasing altitude. 2. Acclimatization Rotations (approx. 4-6 weeks): Once at EBC, climbers begin a series of rotations, climbing to higher camps and then descending back to EBC to rest and recover. This "climb high, sleep low" strategy is crucial for acclimatization. Typical Rotations: EBC to Camp 1 (6,065m/19,898ft): This involves navigating the Khumbu Icefall, a dangerous and constantly moving glacier. Camp 1 (6,500m/21,300ft) to Camp 2 (6,500m/21,300ft): This section involves climbing up the Western Cwm, a relatively flat glacier valley. Camp 2 (6,500m/21,300ft) to Camp 3 (7,200m/23,600ft): This is a steeper climb up the Lhotse Face. Sometimes a rotation to Camp 4 (7,900m/25,900ft) is included: This is the final camp before the summit push. Rest at Base Camp: After each rotation, climbers spend several days at EBC to rest and allow their bodies to adapt to the new altitude. 3. Summit Push (approx. 4-7 days): Once climbers are sufficiently acclimatized, they begin their summit push. This involves moving from EBC to higher camps in stages, eventually reaching Camp 4, the final camp before the summit. The summit push itself is a long and arduous process, typically taking around 16-20 hours. After reaching the summit, climbers descend as quickly as possible to avoid spending too much time in the "Death Zone" (above 8,000m/26,200ft). Timeline Summary: Trek to Base Camp: 8-10 days Acclimatization Rotations: 4-6 weeks Summit Push: 4-7 days Total Expedition Time: 6-10 weeks Important Considerations for Everest Acclimatization: Individual Variation: Everyone acclimatizes at different rates. It's crucial to listen to your body and descend if you experience symptoms of altitude sickness. Weather: Weather conditions can significantly impact the acclimatization process. Storms can force climbers to stay at lower altitudes for longer periods. Supplemental Oxygen: Most climbers use supplemental oxygen above 7,000 meters to reduce the risk of altitude sickness and improve performance. Experience and Fitness: Prior mountaineering experience and a high level of physical fitness are essential for a successful Everest climb. Key Takeaway: Acclimatization on Everest is a complex and lengthy process that requires careful planning and execution. It's crucial to work with experienced guides and listen to your body to ensure a safe and successful climb. Important Note: This information is for general knowledge and planning purposes only. Climbing Mount Lenin or Mount Everest is a serious undertaking, and it's crucial to have proper mountaineering experience, training, and equipment. It's highly recommended to join a guided expedition with experienced guides. Gallery You May Also Like Khash – One of the Most Unusual Armenian Dishes Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent”

Discover the Tufenkian Old Dilijan Complex, where history meets comfort. Located in the heart of Dilijan, this beautifully restored site invites you to explore Armenia's rich heritage. Enjoy authentic architecture, cultural workshops, and traditional Armenian cuisine during your stay. Perfect for those looking to experience the charm of old-world Dilijan on their next tour in Armenia. < Back Tufenkian Old Dilijan Complex Discover the Tufenkian Old Dilijan Complex, where history meets comfort. Located in the heart of Dilijan, this beautifully restored site invites you to explore Armenia's rich heritage. Enjoy authentic architecture, cultural workshops, and traditional Armenian cuisine during your stay. Perfect for those looking to experience the charm of old-world Dilijan on their next tour in Armenia. Dilijan is a significant tourist hub, renowned for its natural beauty and cultural heritage. The city is surrounded by popular attractions such as Parz Lake, Jukhtak Monastery, Haghartsin Monastery, Goshavank, and Goshi Lake. In addition to being a center for hiking, mountain biking, and resort recreation, Dilijan has long been celebrated as a health resort. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as Dilijan's reputation as a health retreat grew, affluent Armenians from the South Caucasus built summer residences in the area. These homes reflect the rich architectural traditions of Dilijan, incorporating elements from the house-building practices of local residents and the decorative styles of Russian sectarians who settled here in the 1930s. This unique blend of influences gave rise to the "Dilijan style" of folk architecture. A sign informs visitors that they are in the Tufenkian Old Dilijan Complex Sharambeyan Street, the historic center of Dilijan, is particularly notable for its distinctive architecture, as well as its workshops, galleries, and museums. In 2004, James Tufenkian initiated the restoration of this historic district, preserving its 19th-century architecture. Today, visitors to Dilijan can admire the beautifully designed balconies, emblematic of the city’s centuries-old woodworking tradition. A Journey Through Time The Tufenkian Old Dilijan Complex is part of the Tufenkian Heritage Hotels chain, known for preserving and celebrating Armenian culture. The complex features the Ananov Guest House, a two-story merchant’s house that has been meticulously restored to reflect the architectural style of the 1800s. The intricate wooden lace balconies and antique furnishings transport visitors back in time, offering an authentic experience of Dilijan’s past. This place is a popular tourist destination, and I was fortunate to capture a photo without any crowds Accommodation and Amenities The complex boasts 18 unique rooms, each adorned with handmade woolen bedspreads, wooden furniture, and subdued lighting. These elements create a cozy and inviting atmosphere, perfect for those looking to immerse themselves in the historical ambiance. The Ananov Suite, in particular, offers spacious accommodations with a blend of comfort and tradition. Culinary Delights Dining at the Tufenkian Old Dilijan Complex is an experience in itself. The Haykanoush Restaurant, housed in a separate building, serves a variety of Western-Armenian dishes. Guests can enjoy traditional meals prepared with locally sourced ingredients, adding to the authenticity of their stay. The restaurant also offers cooking classes, where visitors can learn to make Armenian specialties like lahmajun and khorovats. Great attention is given to details; in this case, you can see a beautifully decorated door Cultural Exploration Beyond its accommodations and dining, the Tufenkian Old Dilijan Complex is a hub for cultural activities. The complex includes specialized workshops and studios that revive traditional Armenian arts and crafts. Visitors can explore these workshops, gaining insight into the region’s rich artistic heritage. The complex also hosts various events, providing a vibrant cultural experience for all guests. Conclusion The Tufenkian Old Dilijan Complex is more than just a place to stay; it’s a journey through Armenia’s history and culture. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, a foodie, or simply looking for a unique travel experience, this complex offers something for everyone. Immerse yourself in the charm of old Dilijan and discover the timeless beauty of Armenian heritage. Gallery You May Also Like Khash – One of the Most Unusual Armenian Dishes Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent”

Within the ruins of this Soviet factory lie hidden artworks, which you will discover in this article as we embark on an exploration! < Back This abandoned factory once produced electrical components Within the ruins of this Soviet factory lie hidden artworks, which you will discover in this article as we embark on an exploration! Unfortunately, there is no information available online about this Soviet-era factory, now left in decay. Even locals seemed reluctant to share details, perhaps due to their youth or lack of knowledge. However, I did learn that during Soviet times, the factory manufactured electrical components. Deep exploration uncovered remnants of the past, including numerous boxes of resistors, now rendered obsolete by advancements in technology. A bas-relief by postwar & contemporary artist Benik Petrosyan Adorning the facade of the building is a marvelous bas-relief by Armenian sculptor Benik Petrosyan. Unfortunately, it is now obscured by vegetation, making it difficult to appreciate. Capturing a clear photo proved to be quite a challenge. Inside the building, I discovered two more bas-reliefs. Резистор - Сделано в СССР. Resistor Made in USSR Another striking piece of art within this abandoned factory is a stained glass window, particularly impressive when viewed from outside. The name of the author is unknown. Join my urban explorer tours to uncover the hidden marvels of Armenia! For a personalized itinerary, please contact me. Project Gallery You May Also Like Armenia’s Particle Accelerator Urban Exploration Tour with Carlus in a Lada Niva The Cemetery of German POWs in Gyumri This Trophy 1m Schmidt Telescope Was Hitler's Gift to Mussolini Destroyed Bas-Reliefs of Armenia Exploring the Unfinished Depths of Yerevan Metro The Destroyed Statues of Armenia KANAZ: The Cultural Heart of Kanaker’s Aluminium Factory Previous Next

Located in Dilijan, Armenia, Aghasi Khanjyan's summer house was built between 1928 and 1936. Intended for the first secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia, the house was never used for its original purpose due to Khanjyan's untimely death. The house, now in ruins, has a mysterious and turbulent history, reflecting the political turmoil of its time. < Back Aghasi Khanjyan’s Summer House in Dilijan Located in Dilijan, Armenia, Aghasi Khanjyan's summer house was built between 1928 and 1936. Intended for the first secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia, the house was never used for its original purpose due to Khanjyan's untimely death. The house, now in ruins, has a mysterious and turbulent history, reflecting the political turmoil of its time. Aghasi Khanjyan's summer house, situated on the wooded slopes of Dilijan in the Tavush region of Armenia, was constructed between 1928 and 1936. Personally selected by Khanjyan, the location is believed to have once been the site of a Russian Imperial Army regiment cemetery. Although the house was intended for Khanjyan, who was the first secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia, he tragically passed away on July 9, 1936, in Tbilisi, under mysterious circumstances. While officially deemed a suicide, many believe Khanjyan was assassinated by Lavrenti Beria. Khanjyan's summer house today According to some eyewitnesses, Khanjyan was in this country house only once, before meeting Lavrenty Beria. During World War II, the property was repurposed as a cattle ranch and much of the original ornamentation was lost. Poghosov, the second secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia, organized the renovation of the building, but it was impossible to fully restore the ornamental designs on the walls; only the ceiling's ornamentation was preserved. Since the late 1980s, the summer house has been abandoned, leading to its partial collapse in 2013. Today, the building is almost entirely destroyed. The once-painted ceilings, walls, wooden interiors, ornate staircases, and colonnaded balconies have all vanished, leaving behind only bare walls and a few stone pillars standing against the sky. Statue "The King of the Forest" by Ara Sargsyan In 2018, it was announced that the new owner of the property planned to rebuild the summer house in its original form. However, when I visited in 2024, it was still lying in ruins. The summer house is located in Dilijan, just a few meters from the main road leading to Yerevan, on one of the wooded hills near Gorky Street, specifically at 15a Gorky Street. Nearby stands the statue "The King of the Forest" by sculptor Ara Sargsyan. The coordinates of Khanjyan’s summer house: 40°44'12"N 44°51'42"E Gallery You May Also Like Khash – One of the Most Unusual Armenian Dishes Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent”

< Back 2-Day Hiking and Sightseeing Tour in Armenia's Lori Region Discover the breathtaking beauty of Armenia’s Lori Region on this 2-day hiking and sightseeing adventure. Designed for beginners and those seeking to combine exploration with light physical activity, this tour features easy trails and visits to some of Armenia’s most renowned cultural and historical landmarks. Day 1: Journey to Kayan Fortress, Haghpat, and Sanahin Monasteries Starting Point: Yerevan (170 km to Lori Region) Highlights: Kayan Fortress, Haghpat and Sanahin Monasteries (UNESCO World Heritage Sites) We begin our journey from Yerevan with a scenic drive to Lori Region. After covering a distance of 170 km, we’ll pause for a coffee break before starting our hike to the historic Kayan Fortress. Kayan fortress from the top of adjacent cliff Kayan Fortress Trail Kayan Fortress is a historic site strategically located between the Haghpat and Sanahin monasteries. This imposing structure is perched on a ridge between two canyons overlooking the Debed River. Spanning approximately 120 meters in length, the fortress features 15 semi-circular defensive towers. Camping in the territory of Kayan Fortress The trail to Kayan Fortress is about 1.5 km one way and takes less than an hour to complete. Within its boundaries lies the Dsevank Monastery, referred to by the historian Arakel Davrizhetsi as “Tes yev ants” (“See and pass by”). Aerial photo of Haghpat Monastery After the hike, we’ll visit the architectural marvels of Haghpat and Sanahin monasteries, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites, dating back to the 10th century. Accommodation: Overnight stay in a cozy hotel in the Lori Region. Personal recommendations are available, but alternative options are always welcome. Day 2 we will start with a visit to Odzun church Day 2: Odzun Church and Horomayr Monastery Hike Starting Point: Hotel in Lori Region Highlights: Odzun Church, Horomayr Monastery We start the day with a visit to the beautiful Odzun Church, a gem of early medieval Armenian architecture. Following this, we embark on a hike through the captivating Lori Gorge, offering some of the most stunning views in Armenia. Enjoying the breathtaking views of the Lori Gorge! Lower Horomayr Monastery is nestled at the base of the cliffs Horomayr Monastery Trail Horomayr Monastery is a remarkable medieval complex located 1.5 km southeast of Odzun village. Built during the 12th and 13th centuries, the monastery consists of two distinct groups of monuments: Lower Horomayr Complex: Nestled on the left bank of the Debed River, under a dramatic hanging rock. Upper Horomayr Complex (Dzoraezri Monastery): Perched on the edge of the valley. In the right corner of the image, you can see the Lower Horomayr Complex The trail to the lower complex spans 2km and takes approximately 1 hour one way. The hike is an out-and-back route, offering awe-inspiring views of the gorge and surrounding landscapes. After completing the hike, we will begin our return journey to Yerevan, stopping at a cozy food court for a lunch break. We expect to arrive in Yerevan around 6:00 PM. Alternatively, we can take the Yerevan-Sevan highway and include a visit to the Sevanavank Monastery on the way back. Tour Details Included in the Price: Pick-up and drop-off in Yerevan Transportation in an air-conditioned vehicle Professional guide service Not Included: Airport transfers Insurance Lunch (Lunchboxes can be arranged for an additional fee) Hotel stay; the tourists are also covering the cost of my one-night hotel stay Tour Price: Group of 1-4: $500 USD (The price does not include hotel stay) For larger groups, please contact us for customized pricing. Project Gallery You May Also Like 2-Day Hiking and Sightseeing Tour in Armenia's Lori Region Aparan Reservoir Loop Trail 1-Day Hike to Mount Ara Hiking tour to mount Yeranos 1-Day Hiking Tour to Lastiver from Yerevan Hiking tour to Smbataberd Fortress A Hiking Adventure to Mount Tesilk and its Mysterious Cave Hiking tour to Tghit cyclopean fortress

Explore Gyumri Railway Station, Armenia's oldest rail station, known for its Soviet modernist architecture. Established in 1897, it connects Gyumri to major destinations. The station features unique design elements and serves as a historical landmark, reflecting the city's vibrant cultural heritage. < Back Gyumri Railway Station: A Bright Example of Soviet Modernist Architecture Explore Gyumri Railway Station, Armenia's oldest rail station, known for its Soviet modernist architecture. Established in 1897, it connects Gyumri to major destinations. The station features unique design elements and serves as a historical landmark, reflecting the city's vibrant cultural heritage. Gyumri railway station is the oldest in Armenia and the main station of the city of Gyumri. Established in 1897, the first train arrived from Tbilisi to Alexandropol (now Gyumri) on February 7, 1899, at 12:00 PM, connecting the largest city of the Yerevan province to the broader world. On that day, the Tbilisi-Alexandropol railway was inaugurated. By July 21 of the same year, the railway extended to Kars, and on December 6, 1902, it reached Yerevan station. Constructing the railway to Alexandropol was an ambitious project, given the challenging terrain. Emperor Nicholas II allocated 320 million rubles for the railway's construction, a substantial sum at that time. The facade of the building is adorned with a large bas-relief titled Victory, created by sculptors Sargis Yukhanyan and Yerem Vardanyan, with architect Rafik Yeghoyan The railway spans over 250 kilometers and was constructed in a remarkably short period, with construction beginning in 1896 and concluding in 1899. The current station building was constructed between 1974 and 1979, designed by Rafik Yeghoyan. The large chandelier in the middle of the building was created by Hovhannes Madoyan. The building is one of the finest examples of Soviet modernism in the city, known for its unique architectural style. It serves as a welcoming landmark for visitors to this city of arts and crafts. The jewel of this railway station is the stained glass window adorning the dome Located on the site of an old building on the eastern side of the station square, the station can simultaneously service three passenger trains on high platforms, each 450 meters long, covered with a lightweight aluminum canopy. The building has a reinforced concrete frame, and the walls are made of Ani tuff masonry. The façade of the building is adorned with a large and impressive bas-relief. The central part features a prominent dome with an impressive colored stained glass design, 18 meters in diameter, supported by intersecting arches, while a 30-meter-high tower with a clock decorated with gilded zodiac signs rises on the left. Inside Gyumri Railway Station In Soviet times, the first floor housed the operations hall, passenger waiting areas, a buffet with ancillary rooms, customs services, administrative offices, and baggage facilities. The second floor included a 120-seat restaurant, a cinema hall, rest rooms with 50 beds, and a nursery with 25 beds. A huge fresco in the restaurant area is now covered with wooden boards. Today, the second floor mainly serves as administrative offices. The two stairways leading to the second floor are decorated with frescoes depicting themes of Gyumri's life and landscapes. Join my urban explorer tours to uncover the hidden marvels of Armenia! For a personalized itinerary, please contact me. Project Gallery You May Also Like Armenia’s Particle Accelerator Urban Exploration Tour with Carlus in a Lada Niva The Cemetery of German POWs in Gyumri This Trophy 1m Schmidt Telescope Was Hitler's Gift to Mussolini Destroyed Bas-Reliefs of Armenia Exploring the Unfinished Depths of Yerevan Metro The Destroyed Statues of Armenia KANAZ: The Cultural Heart of Kanaker’s Aluminium Factory Previous Next

Despite its abandonment and the scattered garbage around it, this rusty iron fountain in Gyumri continues to draw tourists from around the world. Why? The answer is simple: its creator was a visionary architect whose works, even when abandoned, retain a remarkable allure. This unique fountain, with its futuristic design, promises to captivate viewers, ensuring that a photo of it will quickly go viral on the internet. < Back The Iron Fountain in Gyumri Despite its abandonment and the scattered garbage around it, this rusty iron fountain in Gyumri continues to draw tourists from around the world. Why? The answer is simple: its creator was a visionary architect whose works, even when abandoned, retain a remarkable allure. This unique fountain, with its futuristic design, promises to captivate viewers, ensuring that a photo of it will quickly go viral on the internet. As you ascend Manushyan Street in Gyumri, you'll soon encounter a peculiar sight: a massive iron structure looming above the road like a flying saucer. This post-apocalyptic creation is the "Friendship" fountain, affectionately known as “The Iron Fountain”, designed by Arthur Tarkhanyan, an esteemed Armenian architect. Another of Tarkhanyan's fountains, albeit smaller, can also be found in Gyumri, though it too lies dormant. "Friendship" fountain or "The Iron Fountain" today The fountain was inaugurated in 1982 and quickly became a popular spot for leisure and evening strolls until the devastating earthquake of 1988. While the fountain itself endured the earthquake relatively unscathed, the surrounding area fell into disrepair, and the challenging years that followed provided no opportunity for its revival. Yet, even today, this abandoned fountain draws visitors intrigued by its architectural history and seeking to capture its unique charm in photographs. The Iron Fountain has always been a favorite subject for photographers! It offers the perfect backdrop for awesome shots. Photo credits: NORDSKIF Despite years of disuse, the city's residents have refrained from dismantling or scavenging it for metal. A restoration proposal was put forth by "A3 Architects" several years ago, with a 3D animation available on the YouTube channel of Tarkhanyan’s daughter. One can only hope that someday it will undergo restoration, reclaiming its former glory. The coordinates of "The Iron Fountain": 40°48'56"N 43°50'59"E Join my urban explorer tours to uncover the hidden marvels of Armenia! For a personalized itinerary, please contact me. Project Gallery You May Also Like Armenia’s Particle Accelerator Urban Exploration Tour with Carlus in a Lada Niva The Cemetery of German POWs in Gyumri This Trophy 1m Schmidt Telescope Was Hitler's Gift to Mussolini Destroyed Bas-Reliefs of Armenia Exploring the Unfinished Depths of Yerevan Metro The Destroyed Statues of Armenia KANAZ: The Cultural Heart of Kanaker’s Aluminium Factory Previous Next

The 2016 film The Lost City of Z, directed by James Gray, brings to life the true story of British explorer Percy Fawcett’s quest to find an ancient civilization in the Amazon. Based on David Grann’s 2009 book, the movie captures Fawcett’s expeditions and mysterious 1925 disappearance. While praised for its storytelling and cinematography, the film takes creative liberties, blending fact with fiction. This article delves into the history and the ongoing mystery surrounding Fawcett's fate. < Back The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z The 2016 film The Lost City of Z, directed by James Gray, brings to life the true story of British explorer Percy Fawcett’s quest to find an ancient civilization in the Amazon. Based on David Grann’s 2009 book, the movie captures Fawcett’s expeditions and mysterious 1925 disappearance. While praised for its storytelling and cinematography, the film takes creative liberties, blending fact with fiction. This article delves into the history and the ongoing mystery surrounding Fawcett's fate. The 2016 film The Lost City of Z, directed by James Gray, intricately portrays the compelling true story of British explorer Percy Fawcett’s relentless search for an ancient civilization hidden deep within the Amazon rainforest. Based on David Grann's 2009 bestselling book, the film dramatizes Fawcett’s early 20th-century expeditions and his mysterious disappearance. Although The Lost City of Z did not achieve commercial success, grossing approximately $19.3 million worldwide on a $30 million budget, it garnered critical acclaim for its storytelling, performances, and cinematography. Over time, the film developed a devoted following, particularly among enthusiasts of historical adventure cinema. Theatrical release poster of the movie The Lost City of Z While The Lost City of Z remains faithful to the core of Fawcett’s journey, it takes certain creative liberties for dramatic effect. Certain events, such as Fawcett's interactions with hostile tribes and his experiences in World War I, are amplified for cinematic purposes. For instance, there is no historical evidence to suggest Fawcett was ever captured by a tribe during his explorations. The book cover of The Lost City of Z A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon by David Grann The search for lost cities in the Amazon attracted explorers long before Fawcett. In February 1541, Gonzalo Pizarro, the brother of the renowned conquistador Francisco Pizarro and governor of Quito at the time, led an expedition from Quito to the east in search of the fabled kingdom of a golden king. Pizarro's journey into the heart of South America was driven by the hope of discovering El Dorado, the legendary city of immense wealth. However, despite failing to find any such city, the expedition's accounts further fueled the enduring myth of El Dorado. Over time, numerous expeditions—often driven by a mix of ambition, greed, and curiosity—were launched in search of this fabled city, but none yielded definitive proof of its existence. It should be noted that although both El Dorado and the myth of Lost City Z involve legendary hidden civilizations in the Americas, they are not the same. The last significant attempt to locate such a civilization was led by Percy Fawcett. Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett was a British geographer, archaeologist, and explorer born in 1867. He was a member of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) and made multiple expeditions to South America in the early 1900s, primarily mapping uncharted regions of the Amazon. Fawcett was highly respected for his survival skills and knowledge of indigenous cultures. Page 2 of Manuscript 512 Between 1906 and 1924, Fawcett embarked on seven expeditions across the Amazon Basin, mapping uncharted territories for the Royal Geographical Society and searching for what he believed to be evidence of an advanced, lost culture. His theories were influenced by archaeological discoveries, Indigenous reports, and historical texts, including the mysterious 18th-century Manuscript 512, which described the ruins of an ancient stone city deep in the Brazilian jungle. Manuscript 512, housed in the Brazilian National Library in Rio de Janeiro, is an unsigned document written in 1753 by a Portuguese bandeirante (explorer) who claimed to have discovered ruins of an ancient stone city deep in the Brazilian jungle. The manuscript describes a city with wide streets, multi-story stone buildings, and inscriptions resembling Greek or ancient European scripts—features highly unusual for known pre-Columbian civilizations of the region. The document also mentions silver-rich mines nearby. However, no definitive evidence of this city has ever been found, and its location remains a mystery, contributing to speculation about lost civilizations in the Amazon. Fawcett, however, believed in the existence of an advanced, lost civilization in the Amazon, which he called “Z.” Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett, 1911 In 1925, Fawcett set off on his final expedition with his son Jack and Jack’s friend Raleigh Rimell. Their goal was to locate "Z" in the uncharted jungles of Brazil. However, after sending a final letter from a place called Dead Horse Camp, the trio vanished without a trace. Despite numerous search efforts over the decades, no confirmed evidence of their fate has ever been found. A still from the movie "The Lost City of Z" The Mystery Lives On In 1952, anthropologist Orlando Villas-Bôas claimed to have discovered the remains of Percy Fawcett and alleged that the Kalapalo people had confessed to killing him. Villas-Bôas, a key advocate for Indigenous rights in Brazil and a driving force behind the establishment of Xingu National Park, detailed this account in his report. According to him, Kalapalo chief Sarari recounted that Fawcett and his companions met their fate after refusing to share a duck he had shot—an unforgivable transgression in the communal culture of the indigenous people—and exacerbated the situation by slapping a child. According to Villas-Bôas, the Kalapalo had set an ambush at the Green Lagoon and clubbed the white men to death. Villas-Bôas also reported finding human bones and personal items, including a knife, buttons, and small metal objects, in the area where the Kalapalo had indicated the killings took place. These remains were sent to the Royal Anthropological Institute in London for analysis. The examination concluded that the bones did not match Fawcett's dental records and appeared to belong to a man of different physical stature. The Kalapalo tribe, however, has disputed Villas-Bôas's account. In a 2005 interview, Kalapalo elder Vajavi stated that the tribe had not killed Fawcett and that the bones found by Villas-Bôas were those of his grandfather, Mugikia. Vajavi expressed sadness over the accusations and the portrayal of his people as murderers. These conflicting narratives highlight the complexities of interpreting events that occurred in remote and culturally distinct regions, especially when relying on second-hand accounts and without definitive physical evidence. To this day, Fawcett’s disappearance remains one of history’s greatest unsolved mysteries. Some believe he was killed by indigenous tribes, while others suggest he perished due to starvation or disease. A few unverified reports even claim he chose to stay in the jungle and live among native peoples. While The Lost City of Z may not tell the full, complex truth, it succeeds in reviving interest in one of history’s most intriguing explorers. Whether Fawcett truly found his lost city or not, his legacy endures as a symbol of human curiosity and the endless mysteries of the Amazon. Gallery You May Also Like Khash – One of the Most Unusual Armenian Dishes Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent”

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, numerous industrial plants, hotels, pioneer camps, cultural centers, and other establishments fell victim to looting and the ravages of time. Over the years, these sites have acquired an air of mystery and allure, making them increasingly appealing to tourists. In this article, I have selected the top abandoned places in Armenia that I have personally explored and documented, now awaiting your discovery. < Back Top Abandoned Places in Armenia Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, numerous industrial plants, hotels, pioneer camps, cultural centers, and other establishments fell victim to looting and the ravages of time. Over the years, these sites have acquired an air of mystery and allure, making them increasingly appealing to tourists. In this article, I have selected the top abandoned places in Armenia that I have personally explored and documented, now awaiting your discovery. Herouni's Radio-Optical Telescope Herouni’s Radio-Optical Telescope stands abandoned yet majestic, a marvel of Soviet engineering. This impressive structure was once pivotal in astronomical research, symbolizing the Soviet Union’s advancements in science and technology. Although no longer in use, the massive dish and surrounding facilities continue to inspire awe, serving as a poignant reminder of Armenia’s contributions to scientific exploration during the Soviet era. An aerial photo of ROT54 telescope Abandoned Hotel This abandoned hotel, located on the shore of Lake Sevan, was once a luxurious accommodation for travelers and dignitaries. Now in ruins, this hotel was part of the Soviet initiative to promote tourism and showcase Armenia’s natural beauty. Its grand halls are now decayed and overgrown, while the foyer features a giant mosaic of the goddess Astghik by Garnik Smbatyan. Walking through its deserted corridors, one can almost hear the echoes of its former guests and envision the staff who once maintained its elegance. The Birth of Astghik by Garnik Smbatyan (1982) Abandoned School The abandoned school stands as a testament to Soviet emphasis on education, featuring well-decorated classrooms, marvelous architecture, and vintage posters. These institutions played a pivotal role in shaping the minds of young Armenians, instilling a sense of Soviet identity and pride. Today, the dilapidated buildings and overgrown grounds reflect the passage of time and changing educational norms. Exploring this site evokes nostalgia for the past and contemplation of future generations. Ready to sneak inside Abandoned Soviet Pioneer Camp Once a vibrant center for youth activities, the abandoned Soviet Pioneer Camp now stands as a relic of youth and idealism. These camps were designed to instill Soviet values and foster camaraderie among young pioneers. The camp’s decaying statues, playgrounds, and an impressive swimming pool are silent reminders of Soviet social engineering efforts. Visiting this site offers a poignant glimpse into the cultural and social fabric of the Soviet era. Thanks to its charming swimming pool this place attracts urbexers from around the world Abandoned Sanatorium Built by German Prisoners of War Nestled in a serene landscape, the abandoned sanatorium built by German prisoners of war during World War II holds significant historical value. Initially intended as a health retreat, this facility reflects the Soviet Union's use of prisoner labor for construction. The sanatorium’s architecture, blending utilitarian Soviet design with traditional elements, starkly contrasts with its current state of disrepair. The overgrown grounds and crumbling walls now exude an eerie tranquility, providing a unique exploration experience. This building is huge and it takes hours to explore it Abandoned Carpet Factory The abandoned Carpet Factory stands as a testament to Armenia's industrial past under Soviet influence. Known for its intricate designs and high-quality carpets, this factory was once vital to the local economy. Now, its empty weaving halls and rusting machinery evoke a sense of lost grandeur. The remnants of unfinished carpets and decaying equipment vividly illustrate the decline of a once-thriving industry. This machinery in the carpet factory was performing the preliminary threading Giant Thread Factory Once a bustling hub of textile production, the Giant Thread Factory now lies in desolation, its rusting machinery and crumbling walls a testament to Armenia's industrial heritage. During the Soviet era, this factory played a crucial role in producing thread for various industries. Today, exploring its vast halls offers a stark contrast between its industrious past and silent present. This is another giant factory that few have seen Old Khot or the Armenian Machu Picchu Old Khot, also known as Hin Khot, is often referred to as the Armenian Machu Picchu due to its resemblance to the Inca citadel in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru. Social changes in the 20th century led to the abandonment of Old Khot. Instead of improving infrastructure with a proper road, new pipeline, and enhanced electricity facilities, authorities decided to relocate the village to a new settlement on a plateau. In the 1960s and 1970s, inhabitants were moved to higher ground closer to the main road and utility lines on flatter land, a trend observed in many villages, including Khndzoresk. Me exploring Old Khot Abandoned Cable Car Station This cable car station opened on June 16, 1977, as a crucial transport hub for a city of over 23,000, handling up to 900 passengers daily. As the population declined, ridership fell to 450. Operating from 7:30 am to 12:30 am, it was reliable for decades but faced challenges. A lightning strike on May 24, 2014, damaged the motor and generator, leading to an 11-month closure. Although it reopened on April 22, 2015, travel time doubled. The station permanently ceased operations on March 1, 2016. These abandoned Soviet sites in Armenia provide a glimpse into the country's Soviet past. Each location, whether an industrial complex or educational institution, tells a unique story of Armenia's journey through the Soviet era. Exploring these places not only offers an adventure into the unknown but also deepens one's understanding of Armenia’s complex history and rich cultural heritage. Join my urban explorer tours to uncover the hidden marvels of Armenia! For a personalized itinerary, please contact me. 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Following the 2020 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and subsequent escalations, many visitors planning a trip to Armenia have questioned the safety of traveling to the country. This brief article aims to shed light on this topic. < Back Armenia is among top 10 safest countries Following the 2020 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and subsequent escalations, many visitors planning a trip to Armenia have questioned the safety of traveling to the country. This brief article aims to shed light on this topic. According to the World Population Review in 2023, Armenia boasts the ninth-lowest crime rate globally, measuring at 22.79 per 100,000 citizens. The Crime Index categorizes this as a very low crime rate. The country maintains a relatively low level of crime, with an even lower impact on tourists. (By the way, the Crime Index is an estimate of the overall crime rate in a given city or country. The organization considers crime rates below 20 to be very low, crime rates from 20 to 40 as low, crime rates from 40 to 60 as moderate, crime rates from 60 to 80 as high, and finally crime rates above 80 as very high.) Addressing the recent escalations with Azerbaijan, it's crucial to note that areas of armed conflict are primarily near the border. However, popular tourist destinations, including sightseeing spots and hiking trails, are situated far from these regions. The likelihood of endangering your trip due to such incidents is very low. Overall, travelers have reported positive experiences exploring Armenia's rich cultural heritage. As in any other country, it is advisable to follow safety instructions: remain vigilant when crossing streets, especially during late hours and in restricted areas, avoid large crowds and demonstrations, and adhere to the advice and instructions of local authorities. Gallery You May Also Like Khash – One of the Most Unusual Armenian Dishes Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent”

The Northern Bus Station, located on the outskirts of Yerevan towards Abovyan, is a masterpiece of regional modernism designed by Armen Aghalyan and Vardan Avetisyan. Despite its damaged roof and half-empty state, this 1988 architectural gem continues to attract architecture and photography enthusiasts. Discover its unique blend of historical and modern design. < Back A Visit to the Northern Bus Station The Northern Bus Station, located on the outskirts of Yerevan towards Abovyan, is a masterpiece of regional modernism designed by Armen Aghalyan and Vardan Avetisyan. Despite its damaged roof and half-empty state, this 1988 architectural gem continues to attract architecture and photography enthusiasts. Discover its unique blend of historical and modern design. The Northern Bus Station is located on the outskirts of Yerevan, towards Abovyan. Minivans depart from here to Sevan, Dilijan, Ijevan, and Noyemberyan. Tickets are sold at the station's ticket office. The station was designed by Armenian architects Armen Aghalyan and Vardan Avetisyan in the style of regional modernism. It opened in 1988, but the subsequent earthquake, the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the war in Karabakh diminished the building's charm and importance. The facade of the building Today, despite the damaged roof, which leaks water, and the half-empty building, it still attracts those interested in architecture and photography. The façade features a prominent tower that immediately catches the eye and has become a characteristic feature of the building, reminiscent of ancient Armenian fortresses. This is a beautiful example of combining historical architecture with modernism. I fell in love with the interior design The most beautiful part of the building is, of course, the interior. Large windows allow natural light to flood in, giving the building a modern design. The well-designed stairs add extra charm to the structure. Join my urban explorer tours to uncover the hidden marvels of Armenia! For a personalized itinerary, please contact me. Project Gallery You May Also Like Armenia’s Particle Accelerator Urban Exploration Tour with Carlus in a Lada Niva The Cemetery of German POWs in Gyumri This Trophy 1m Schmidt Telescope Was Hitler's Gift to Mussolini Destroyed Bas-Reliefs of Armenia Exploring the Unfinished Depths of Yerevan Metro The Destroyed Statues of Armenia KANAZ: The Cultural Heart of Kanaker’s Aluminium Factory Previous Next

Discover the Amphitheater in Dilijan, a unique cultural spot blending history and modernity. Nestled in the "Armenian Switzerland," this Greek-style venue hosts various cultural events. Join my guided tours in Armenia to explore this and other hidden gems. Perfect for those looking to explore Armenia's rich heritage on their next visit. < Back The Amphitheater in Dilijan Discover the Amphitheater in Dilijan, a unique cultural spot blending history and modernity. Nestled in the "Armenian Switzerland," this Greek-style venue hosts various cultural events. Join my guided tours in Armenia to explore this and other hidden gems. Perfect for those looking to explore Armenia's rich heritage on their next visit. Dilijan, a picturesque resort town in the Tavush region of Armenia, lies 36 km southwest of Ijevan, nestled along the banks of the Aghstev River at an elevation of 1100-1510 meters above sea level. Surrounded by the majestic mountains, Dilijan is often affectionately referred to as "Armenian Switzerland" or "Little Switzerland." Renowned for its natural beauty, the town is a favored destination for visitors seeking tranquility and scenic landscapes. Dilijan also borders the Dilijan National Park, a protected area known for its biodiversity and lush forests. Imagine how it feels to read a book in amphitheater In 2009, the town added a new cultural landmark with the construction of the Amphitheater on Myasnikyan Street. This modern structure is a homage to Dilijan's rich theatrical history, which dates back to the 19th century when the city was home to the Rotonda, an open-air amphitheater. The Rotonda was a vibrant cultural hub, hosting performances by famous Armenian and foreign actors. Notably, Gabriel Sundukyan's play "Pepo" was staged here in 1905. Although the original open-air theater was closed by the Department of Culture in 1948, the Rotonda continued to serve as a venue for concerts, literary readings, and other events. The Greek design choice has led many visitors to mistake it for an ancient structure, despite its recent construction The new Amphitheater, built by decision of the city authorities, was designed to revive Dilijan's cultural traditions, particularly its theater heritage. The ensemble, which includes the Amphitheater, a sculpture of a girl holding a jar, and a classical arch with columns, is crafted in the Greek style. This design choice has led many visitors to mistake it for an ancient structure, despite its recent construction. Today, the Amphitheater hosts a variety of cultural and youth events, including the VII International Mime Festival named after Leonid Yengibaryan in 2019. Visitors can also enjoy a stunning view of Dilijan from this vantage point, making it a must-see spot for anyone exploring the region. Gallery You May Also Like Khash – One of the Most Unusual Armenian Dishes Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Modernist architecture in the Soviet Union The movie Seven Years in Tibet is based on Heinrich Harrer’s eponymous book The Tallest Stalin Statue Ever Erected The Biggest Bank Robbery in the Soviet Union The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z On Reinhold Messner’s book “The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent”