In 301 AD, Armenia became the first nation to officially adopt Christianity as its state religion, a momentous decision influenced by King Tiridates III's conversion under the guidance of St. Gregory the Illuminator. This article provides a concise overview of Armenian religion for those seeking quick insights. < Back Armenian Religion In 301 AD, Armenia became the first nation to officially adopt Christianity as its state religion, a momentous decision influenced by King Tiridates III's conversion under the guidance of St. Gregory the Illuminator. This article provides a concise overview of Armenian religion for those seeking quick insights. Armenia boasts a rich history, culture, and identity, with religion serving as a pivotal aspect. Let's delve into the main features of religion in Armenia, its historical context, and its societal role. The vast majority of Armenians, approximately 97%, adhere to Christianity, particularly the Armenian Apostolic Church—one of the world's oldest Christian denominations. Established in the 1st century AD by apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus, who introduced Christianity to Armenia, it aligns with the Oriental Orthodox communion. This means it does not accept the Council of Chalcedon (451), which defined the doctrine of two natures in one person in Christ. Instead, the Armenian Apostolic Church adheres to miaphysitism, affirming that Christ possesses one divine and one human nature. Geghard or The Holy Lance, also known as the Lance of Longinus (Roman soldier who stabbed the crucified Christ in the side with a lance to check whether he was dead. Since Christ had already died, water and blood came out of his wound (John 19:34)), the Spear of Destiny, or the Holy Spear, is the lance that is alleged to have pierced the side of Jesus as he hung on the cross during his crucifixion. Since that day, the weapon of death, (Armenian: Գեղարդ - Geghard) has become a sacred relic for Christians. According to the tradition of the Armenian Church, Geghard was brought to Armenia by the apostle Thaddeus in the year 33, and it was kept in Christian communities for a long time. In 301, when Christianity was declared the state religion in Armenia, Geghard became the property of the Armenian Apostolic Church. There are memories, according to which, in Armenia or neighboring countries, Geghard was used to bless the country and the people, to free them from war and disasters. Now it is displayed in the Echmiadzin treasury. His Holiness Karekin II, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians and Pope Francis, the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, accompanied by their delegations visiting popular pilgrimage site Khor Virap (2016).The notability of Khor Virap as a monastery and pilgrimage site is attributed to the fact that Gregory the Illuminator was initially imprisoned here for 13 years by King Tiridates III of Armenia. Saint Gregory subsequently became the king's religious mentor, and together, they led proselytizing activities in the country. Image credits: wdacna.com Armenia officially adopted Christianity as its state religion in the year 301 AD, making it the first country to do so. This significant event took place under the rule of King Tiridates III, who converted to Christianity with the influence of St. Gregory the Illuminator. The spiritual center of the Armenian Apostolic Church is the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, where the Catholicos, Garegin II, currently resides. The mother church of the Armenian Apostolic Church - Etchmiadzin Cathedral The church boasts a rich and diverse liturgy, culture, and history. It utilizes an ancient alphabet devised by Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century AD and features numerous translations of scriptures into Armenian from various languages. Statues of Mesrop Mashtots and his student Koryun in front of Matenadaran The Armenian Apostolic Church observes a vibrant calendar of festivals and holidays, reflecting its profound history, traditions, and unwavering faith. Some noteworthy celebrations include: Christmas (January 6): Commemorated with Nativity liturgies, candlelit processions, and familial gatherings. Easter (Variable Date): A joyous celebration involving church services, traditional meals, and festive egg painting. Transfiguration of Jesus (Variable Date): Celebrated with the Vardavar Water Festival, characterized by joyful water-splashing and communal gatherings. Assumption of the Holy Mother of God (August 15): Marked with grape blessing ceremonies and special feasts. Feast of St. Sargis (February 14): Observed as Lovers' Day, featuring romantic traditions and special church services. Trndez (February 21): A bonfire festival symbolizing purification, with young people leaping over flames. Feast of St. Gregory the Illuminator (September 30): Honors the Armenian Church's founder, celebrated with special liturgies and festivities. Feast of the Holy Translators (October 1): Commemorates Bible translators into Armenian, accompanied by church services and cultural events. 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Explore Armenia's rich history and architectural marvels like Garni Temple, Geghard Monastery, and other UNESCO sites on guided sightseeing tours with Armenian Explorer. Sightseeing Tours in Armenia Armenia, a country steeped in history and ancient traditions, offers a unique opportunity to explore its stunning landmarks and UNESCO World Heritage sites. Join Armenian Explorer for personalized sightseeing tours that immerse you in Armenia's rich past. From ancient cyclopean fortresses and the iconic Garni Pagan Temple to the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the first Christian cathedral, and the world’s tallest statue of Jesus Christ, immerse yourself in Armenia’s rich heritage. Discover its vibrant traditions, festive celebrations, and exquisite cuisine. Whether you're passionate about history, Soviet-era architecture, or seeking to experience Armenia's breathtaking landscapes, our expertly curated sightseeing tours provide an unforgettable journey through the heart and soul of this fascinating country. Garni-Geghard & Sevanavank Day Sightseeing Tour This one-day tour covers some of Armenia's most iconic landmarks – must-visit sites for every traveler exploring the country. The journey takes you from ancient pagan history to the dawn of Christianity and the 9th century, when the Sevanavank Monastery was founded. We’ll visit the Garni Pagan Temple, the only surviving Greco-Roman colonnaded temple in the post-Soviet region, followed by the UNESCO-listed Geghard Monastery, famous for its rock-hewn churches and deep spiritual heritage. According to tradition, the Holy Lance – believed to have pierced Christ’s side during the crucifixion – was once kept here. Finally, we’ll head to the Sevan Peninsula to explore the 9th-century Sevanavank Monastery and admire the sweeping views of Lake Sevan, one of the world’s largest high-altitude freshwater lakes. Read More Day Tour to Sevanavank, Dilijan & Parz Lake Discover some of Armenia’s most scenic and culturally rich destinations on this full-day guided tour from Yerevan. This tour combines breathtaking lake views, medieval monasteries, forest trails, and authentic Armenian charm — perfect for travelers who want to see both culture and nature in one day. Read More Guided Sightseeing Tour to Garni Pagan Temple & Geghard Monastery This tour, widely known as the Garni-Geghard tour, is one of Armenia’s most popular sightseeing experiences, offering a captivating journey from ancient pagan history to the dawn of Christianity. Located just a short drive from Yerevan, these landmarks provide a perfect opportunity to explore Armenia’s rich cultural heritage. On this tour, we’ll visit the Garni Pagan Temple, a striking example of Hellenistic architecture and the only surviving pagan temple in the post-Soviet territory. We’ll also explore Geghard Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage site, renowned for its remarkable rock-hewn architecture and spiritual significance. The monastery was home to the Holy Lance, which, according to tradition, was brought to Armenia by the Apostle Thaddeus and kept there for centuries. Read More

Explore the rich history and cultural significance of the Armenian eternity symbol, also known as "arevakhach." Uncover the origins and meanings embedded in this ancient emblem that has transcended time, serving as a symbol of identity for the Armenian people. From its early appearances in petroglyphs to its prevalence in architecture, khachkars, and even Armenian rug weaving, discover how this enduring symbol continues to play a vital role in art and spiritual culture, reflecting the timeless heritage of Armenia. < Back Armenian Eternity Symbol Explore the rich history and cultural significance of the Armenian eternity symbol, also known as "arevakhach." Uncover the origins and meanings embedded in this ancient emblem that has transcended time, serving as a symbol of identity for the Armenian people. From its early appearances in petroglyphs to its prevalence in architecture, khachkars, and even Armenian rug weaving, discover how this enduring symbol continues to play a vital role in art and spiritual culture, reflecting the timeless heritage of Armenia. Starting from ancient times, the swastika, or arevakhach (derived from the words sun and cross), held profound meaning for the Armenian people. It symbolized eternity, serving as an ancient national emblem and representing the identity of Armenians. It is represented as a curved image with arms rotating either to the right or left, originating from a central point. One of the earliest depictions were discovered in the rock paintings of the Armenian Highland, depicting the Sun in the form of a wheel or a swastika (single or multi-winged scroll). The symbol conveyed positive wishes, embodying concepts such as the sun, life, fire, lightning, fertility, childbirth, progress, and development. The directional rotations of the swastika carried active and passive meanings. For instance, a baby crib adorned with the symbol rotating to the right was intended for boys, while a left rotation symbolized cribs for girls. One of the earliest known instances of the eternity symbol, the swastika, dates back to the 16th-15th centuries BC, discovered in excavations in Shamkhor, a historical Armenian region. Throughout Armenia and its historical territories, the eternity symbol can be traced on architectural pillars, church walls, altars, frescoes, miniatures, khachkars, carpets, jewelry, clothes, household items, and state, public, private, and religious structures. In medieval Armenian culture, the symbol represented the idea of eternity, particularly in heavenly life. From the 5th century, it became prevalent on Armenian memorial stones and evolved into a widespread symbol of Khachkar. By the 8th century, the eternity symbol was firmly embedded in national iconography, retaining its practical significance to the present day. The Geghama mountains in the modern-day territory of Armenia reveal petroglyphs featuring the swastika, dating back to 8,000 – 5,000 BC, marking one of the earliest uses of this enigmatic symbol. As a fundamental element in khachkars, the symbol adorned church walls, tombstones, and architectural elements, including prominent churches like Mashtots Hayrapet Church in Garni, Horomayr Monastery, Nor Varagavank, Tsitsernavank, and many others. Today, the swastika continues to be an integral part of Armenian identity, prominently featured in art and spiritual symbolism, universally embraced by the Armenian people as a timeless symbol of their heritage. Even in Armenian rug weaving traditions, Armenian eternity symbol (swastika) finds a place, as seen in a 17th-century Armenian rug where it is prominently featured at the center. This WWII memorial in Vardenut village features a large Armenian eternity symbol at the base of its metal sculpture Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

The word “Pantheon” comes from Greek and literally means “a sanctuary of all gods.” The name was passed down from the famous temple in Rome dedicated to the Roman gods. Over time, the meaning evolved. Today, a pantheon is understood as a special burial place reserved for a nation’s most respected figures. This article is dedicated to Armenia’s main cultural pantheon — the Komitas Pantheon. < Back Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan The word “Pantheon” comes from Greek and literally means “a sanctuary of all gods.” The name was passed down from the famous temple in Rome dedicated to the Roman gods. Over time, the meaning evolved. Today, a pantheon is understood as a special burial place reserved for a nation’s most respected figures. This article is dedicated to Armenia’s main cultural pantheon — the Komitas Pantheon. Famous Pantheons Around the World Almost every country has its own pantheon or an equivalent memorial cemetery — places where national memory, history, and identity come together. The Roman Pantheon (Rome, Italy) Originally built as a temple dedicated to all Roman gods, the Pantheon later became a burial place for outstanding figures. Among them is the renowned Italian painter Raphael, as well as the first kings of united Italy. Père Lachaise Cemetery (Paris, France) Founded in 1804 on the initiative of Napoleon Bonaparte, it is Europe’s most famous cemetery. Many iconic writers, artists, and musicians are buried here, making it both a memorial site and a major cultural landmark. Arlington National Cemetery (USA) Established in 1864 in the state of Virginia, Arlington is one of the most important military cemeteries in the United States. It is home to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, where the US President lays a wreath every year on Memorial Day and Veterans Day. Around 300,000 fallen soldiers and military veterans are buried here. The Kremlin Wall Necropolis (Moscow, Russia) One of Russia’s most symbolic burial sites, located along the Kremlin wall on Red Square. Prominent political leaders, military commanders, and public figures of the Soviet era are buried here. Pantheons in Armenia Armenia has two major pantheons that hold deep historical and emotional significance. Yerbablur Pantheon Located in Yerevan , Yerbablur is Armenia’s main military pantheon. Yerbablur is not only a cemetery but also a powerful national symbol of sacrifice, remembrance, and independence. It is the final resting place of: Fighters who died in the Artsakh War Military and political figures who passed away after the war Komitas Pantheon (Komitas Park Pantheon) The Komitas Pantheon , located within Komitas Park in Yerevan, has a unique history. Until the mid-1930s, this area was known as the Mler Cemetery , along with its chapel. Today, only a small section of the original stone wall has survived. In the 1930s, by decision of the Yerevan City Council, the cemetery was closed and replaced by a public park. On the initiative of Agasi Khanjyan , one corner of the park was designated as a burial ground for cultural figures. The entrance to Komitas Park In 1936 , one year after his death, the remains of Komitas , the great Armenian composer and ethnomusicologist, were reburied here, giving the pantheon its name. In 1969 , with the support of Stepan and Ruzan Kyurkchyan , a tuff-stone northern wall and decorative divider were constructed. The pantheon underwent major renovation in 2005 . Today, the Komitas Pantheon is the resting place of outstanding Armenian figures from many fields, including: Cinema and theater Music Literature and poetry Painting and architecture Science Politics Sports More Than Cemeteries Pantheons are not ordinary burial grounds. They are places of memory, respect, and identity. In Armenia, both Yerablur and the Komitas Pantheon reflect the country’s struggle, culture, and creative spirit — silent yet powerful witnesses of national history. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

This article explores Grigor Khanjyan’s monumental fresco-triptych, a decade-long masterpiece displayed in the Khandjian Gallery at Yerevan’s Cafesjian Art Center. Depicting key chapters of Armenian history—The Armenian Alphabet, Vardanank, and Resurrected Armenia—it is Khanjyan’s most celebrated work. Created under extreme conditions and completed after the artist’s death, the fresco stands as a powerful symbol of Armenia’s artistic, historical, and cultural identity. < Back Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade This article explores Grigor Khanjyan’s monumental fresco-triptych, a decade-long masterpiece displayed in the Khandjian Gallery at Yerevan’s Cafesjian Art Center. Depicting key chapters of Armenian history—The Armenian Alphabet, Vardanank, and Resurrected Armenia—it is Khanjyan’s most celebrated work. Created under extreme conditions and completed after the artist’s death, the fresco stands as a powerful symbol of Armenia’s artistic, historical, and cultural identity. A vast fresco-triptych illustrating the history of Armenia is exhibited in the Khandjian Gallery at the Cafesjian Art Center in Yerevan. Widely regarded as Grigor Khanjyan’s greatest achievement, the monument consists of three large-scale scenes commissioned during the Soviet period and left unfinished at the time of the artist’s death: The Armenian Alphabet (1992–1994), Vardanank (1995–1998), and Resurrected Armenia (1998–2000). The origins of the project date back to 1978, when Catholicos Vazgen I commissioned Khanjyan to create sketches based on the themes of Vardanank and the Armenian Alphabet for two monumental tapestries. While the Armenian Alphabet is self-explanatory, Vardanank refers to the heroic struggle of the Armenians, led by Vardan Mamikonian, against the Sassanid Persian Empire in 451 AD. Catholicos of All Armenians Vazgen I and Grigor Khanjyan In the summer of 1984, Khanjyan’s works The Armenian Alphabet and Vardanank were presented to the public for the first time. The tapestry sketches were exhibited at the House of the Artist in Yerevan and immediately attracted enormous attention. For weeks, thousands of visitors came daily to see the works, which touched upon some of the most significant chapters of Armenia’s past. The tapestries were later woven in France at the renowned Pinton Brothers workshop in Felletin, near Aubusson—an internationally famous center for high-quality tapestry production. In 1984, the finished tapestries were installed in the Pontifical Residence (Veharan) in Vagharshapat. As the residence was not open to the general public, access to the artworks remained limited, despite widespread public interest. Catholicos of All Armenians Vazgen I and Grigor Khanjyan at the House of Artists, 1981 To make the works accessible to everyone, Karen Demirchyan, then First Secretary of the Communist Party’s Central Committee, asked Khanjyan to recreate the compositions as monumental murals. Initially, the murals were planned for installation in the newly built Sports and Concert Complex (now the Karen Demirchyan Sports and Concert Complex), but no suitable wall was found. Instead, Khanjyan created the monumental Mother Armenia curtain-goblet for the complex, which was the second largest of its kind in the Soviet Union. At the suggestion of his close friend, architect Jim Torosyan, Khanjyan turned to the Cascade Complex, which was still under construction. A separate hall was allocated for the project. Specialists from Moscow prepared the wall and applied a special primer, creating the surface needed for the murals. Grigor Khanjyan at the construction of the Cascade with architect Jim Torosyan (left) Khanjyan started painting the frescoes in 1992 using the tempera technique. Each cardboard sketch was individually attached to the wall; one by one, Khanjyan removed them, traced the outlines, and applied the paint. The Armenian Alphabet was completed in 1994, followed by Vardanank in 1998. Khanjyan then added a third composition, Resurrected Armenia , on which he worked from 1998 until 2000. Grigory Khanjyan’s monumental fresco-triptych The artist worked entirely alone under harsh conditions. The hall was cold, often without electricity or proper equipment. Khanjyan suffered from serious health problems, including deteriorating eyesight. The death of his wife, Jemma, in 1997 was a devastating personal loss. Despite all this, he continued to work with remarkable determination, often without adequate compensation. Sadly, Resurrected Armenia remained unfinished. Grigor Khanjyan died on April 19, 2000. After his death, the work was continued by Professor Henrik Mamyan, a distinguished artist and professor at the Institute of Fine Arts, who followed Khanjyan’s original sketches. The work was completed in 2002. Grigor Khanjyan is working on the third part of the mural “Resurrected Armenia.” At the time, there were discussions about repurposing the first hall of the Cascade for official reception or ceremonial use, which alarmed Khanjyan’s family and the intellectual community. The situation was resolved when Gerard Cafesjian acquired the Cascade Complex, ensuring the preservation of the frescoes. The Cascade was subsequently renamed the Cafesjian Art Center, and the hall housing the murals became the Khanjyan Gallery. Today, the Cafesjian Art Center is one of Yerevan’s most visited cultural landmarks, and Khanjyan’s monumental fresco-triptych remains one of the city’s most profound artistic treasures. The Khanjyan Gallery is located within the Cafesjian Center for the Arts and is open from Friday to Sunday, 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM. The center is closed from Monday to Thursday. Entrance is free. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Exploring abandoned places can be a thrilling and enriching experience, offering a unique glimpse into the past and a chance to discover forgotten stories. Whether you're a seasoned urban explorer or a curious newcomer, finding these hidden gems requires a mix of research, patience, and respect for the locations you visit. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to find abandoned places for your next adventure. < Back How to Find Abandoned Places: A Guide for Urban Explorers Exploring abandoned places can be a thrilling and enriching experience, offering a unique glimpse into the past and a chance to discover forgotten stories. Whether you're a seasoned urban explorer or a curious newcomer, finding these hidden gems requires a mix of research, patience, and respect for the locations you visit. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to find abandoned places for your next adventure. 1. Online Research The internet is your most powerful tool for locating abandoned places. Here are some effective ways to use it: Urban Exploration Websites and Forums: Websites of urban explorers and forums dedicated to urban exploration are treasure troves of information. Members share photos and videos, but rarely the exact locations. Is finding the location still an issue? Let’s move forward… Social Media : Platforms like Instagram, Reddit, and Facebook have dedicated groups and hashtags (e.g., #urbex , #abandonedplaces ) where explorers share their finds and tips. Research each photo in detail; you may see something written on the wall, documents, or posters that can disclose the location. If there is a horizon, that makes things easier! Try to identify familiar buildings and mountains. For example, in this image, G. Mattu inadvertently revealed the location of the mosaic. Meanwhile, many were asking, "Where is this?" Lol. Image credits: G. Mattu Google Earth and Maps: Use satellite imagery to spot potentially abandoned buildings and structures. Look for signs of decay, rusty roofs, overgrown vegetation, and lack of maintenance, and no cars parked nearby. Remember, Google Earth is your most reliable tool in finding the best places, but it requires time and dedication. Thanks to it, you may find places that no one has ever stepped in. Sometimes, after checking the building, you may be disappointed, but the reward comes to the most talented, hardworking, and dedicated explorers! Google Earth is such a powerful tool that you can even find crushed planes in the mountains! When it comes to finding crushed planes I should probably dedicate another article to it! Meanwhile a small task: The accident happened in 1990 in Armenia. Where is the plane? 2. Historical Research Understanding the history of an area can lead you to abandoned sites. Here’s how to dig deeper: Local Archives and Libraries: Visit local archives, libraries, and historical societies to find old maps, documents, and records of now-defunct industries, bunkers, schools, and other establishments. Newspaper Archives: Search for articles about business closures, natural disasters, or economic downturns that might have led to abandonment. For example thanks to “Soviet Art” Armenian magazine we learned about a lot of hidden artworks which in fact survived up to moderns days. Thanks to the Soviet Armenian magazine "Soviet Art," I learned about this fresco Books and Documentaries: There are numerous books and documentaries on urban decay and abandoned places that can provide leads and inspiration. 3. Networking with Local Explorers Building connections with other urban explorers can be invaluable. Here’s how to connect: Meetup Groups: Look for local urban exploration or photography meetup groups where members share information and organize joint explorations. Online Forums and Social Media Groups: Join online communities where you can ask questions, share experiences, and get recommendations. Attending Events: Attend urban exploration conferences, talks, and workshops to meet like-minded people and learn about new locations. Social Networks: Get acquainted with professionals by showing interest and passion for their work. Important Reminder for Novice Urban Explorers: Please refrain from sending the following message to urban explorers: "Hello, where is this?" Remember : Every piece of information has value. To build a strong and supportive community, always offer something in exchange for what you seek. This reciprocal approach fosters trust and collaboration within the community. 4. Fieldwork and Scouting Sometimes, nothing beats old-fashioned scouting. Here’s how to do it effectively: Drive or Walk Around: Spend time driving or walking through older parts of towns and cities. Look for telltale signs of abandonment like boarded-up windows, overgrown lots, and faded signs. Ask Locals: Engage with local residents, especially older ones, who might have knowledge of abandoned places and their histories. In return, they may ask why you want to find those places. Be prepared with a convincing explanation that you are not a looter. Show gratitude for their help, and if someone is hesitant to share information, politely offer something in return to express your thanks. Carrying a big camera often helps create a trustworthy atmosphere. I know this from personal experience. Follow Leads: Keep an eye out for leads while exploring other sites. One abandoned place often leads to another. 5. Using Technology Leverage technology to enhance your search: Drones: Use drones to get a bird’s-eye view of large areas and spot potential sites that are difficult to see from the ground. Fly high to avoid cables and for staying unnoticed. Conclusion Finding abandoned places requires a mix of online research, historical digging, networking, and good old-fashioned exploration. By using these strategies and respecting the locations, you can uncover hidden gems and enjoy the unique thrill of urban exploration. Safe and memorable exploration! In this article you can find more information on how to urbex. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

The British Museum in London houses a remarkable artifact from ancient Armenia: the Bronze Head of the Goddess Anahit. This artifact, dating back to the 2nd-4th centuries BC, is a significant representation of the late Hellenistic period. < Back The Bronze Head of Anahit in the British Museum The British Museum in London houses a remarkable artifact from ancient Armenia: the Bronze Head of the Goddess Anahit. This artifact, dating back to the 2nd-4th centuries BC, is a significant representation of the late Hellenistic period. Anahit (Armenian: Անահիտ) is the goddess of fertility, healing, wisdom, and water in Armenian mythology. In early periods, she was also the goddess of war. By the 5th century BCE, she became the main deity in Armenia alongside Aramazd. The bronze head of Anahit was found in 1872 by an old man named Youssouf, who was digging in his field with a pickaxe, at a depth of around 2 feet (0.61 m), near the village of Sadak. The man uncovered fragments of a bronze statue, including the head and a hand. The head was acquired in Constantinople by Savas Kougioumtsoglou, a Greek antiquities dealer, who passed it to another dealer, Photiades Bey, then the Ottoman ambassador to Italy. Photiades took it to Rome, where it was sold to the art dealer Alessandro Castellani, an Italian goldsmith and collector, who, in turn, sold it to the British Museum in 1873. The Bronze Head of Anahit In a landmark agreement between the Museum of the History of Armenia and the British Museum, the head of the Goddess Anahit will be exhibited in Yerevan for the first time in September 2024. This event marks a significant moment in the appreciation and study of Armenian heritage. Anahit on a 5,000 Armenian dram banknote, in circulation from 1995 to 2005 The Bronze Head of Anahit is not just an artifact; it’s a testament to the rich history and cultural heritage of Armenia. Its journey from Sadak to the British Museum, and soon to Yerevan, is a story worth telling and retelling. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

I’m Suren, a tour guide in Armenia. In this article, I’ll tell you a bit about myself and the services I offer, while sharing practical advice for travelers planning a trip to Armenia. My expertise lies in urbex, hiking, off-roading, and sightseeing tours — so that’s where we’ll focus. The tips I share come from both my own experience and valuable feedback from travelers I’ve guided through these places. Trust me — I know the way. < Back Guide in Armenia I’m Suren, a tour guide in Armenia. In this article, I’ll tell you a bit about myself and the services I offer, while sharing practical advice for travelers planning a trip to Armenia. My expertise lies in urbex, hiking, off-roading, and sightseeing tours — so that’s where we’ll focus. The tips I share come from both my own experience and valuable feedback from travelers I’ve guided through these places. Trust me — I know the way. About me... I’m Suren, a professional tour guide in Armenia. Many travelers look for guides who also provide transportation — yes, I drive my own car. My car is Mitsubishi Pajero 4. (Photo and more details below.) Since 2014, I’ve been guiding travelers across the country — from easy hiking trails to challenging mountain summits, remote off-road routes, and explorations of abandoned places. Over the years, I’ve gained both deep knowledge and practical experience, which I’m happy to share with anyone planning to hike in Armenia. During my tours, I bring along a photo album featuring historical images. It lets visitors see how landmarks looked before restoration—or even before they disappeared entirely. So, lace up your boots — let’s get started! Yep, that’s me posing for a photo in the sacred valley of Tirinkatar, near the Armenian vishap — the ancient “dragon stone”! During my freelance work with various tour agencies, I noticed that many travelers struggle to get in direct contact with local guides. When I launched my website, my goal was to make it easier for travelers to connect directly with a guide — to discuss upcoming trips, customize itineraries, and decide whether the guide is the right fit for their holiday experience. After all, it’s the guide — not the tour agency — who shares both the challenges and the joys of the journey with travelers. My car, a Mitsubishi Pajero 4, is my reliable workhorse — built to handle tough terrain and ensure every tour runs smoothly and to its fullest potential. Best hikes in Armenia And that’s where Armenian Explorer comes in — to make that connection possible. I hope this article helps more travelers find me and boosts my visibility in search results. Having a master’s degree in Comparative Literature helps me access and interpret a wide range of historical information about Armenia, allowing me to share it with travelers and tell the stories behind each unique place we visit. The tours are conducted in English or Russian, and I also have a basic knowledge of German. On the shore of Lake Kari (3,200 m), after taking a memorable photo with a group from Singapore, I’ll be guiding them to the summit of the southern peak of Mount Aragats. Now I’ll provide concise, step-by-step information about the most popular tourist destinations in Armenia. Let’s start with hiking. Armenia is a paradise for hikers. The country offers trails of all difficulty levels — from gentle forest walks to challenging climbs above 3,000 meters. In winter, we usually avoid peaks higher than 3000 meters because of deep snow and mud, which make both hiking and off-road access impossible. From June to late October, conditions improve; at lower altitudes it can be quite hot, making this the best season for climbing Armenia’s 3,000-plus-meter summits. Mount Azhdahak One of the most popular hiking destinations in Armenia is Mount Azhdahak (3,597 m) — the highest point of the Geghama mountain range. The “Red Giant” is famous for its volcanic lake at 3,500 meters and the panoramic views of Lake Sevan, Lake Akna, and surrounding peaks like Red Ridge and Spitakasar. Yes, you can also swim in the crater lake, so bring your swimwear. Keep in mind, however, that the water is very cold — around 10°C even in the hottest summer days — and the lakebed is covered with sharp rocks. Swimming in deeper areas is strongly not recommended. The most common trail starts near Mount Paytasar, but for beginner hikers, I often drive up closer to Azhdahak’s base — leaving only about a 50-minute hike to the summit. Lake Akna, Lake Badi, and Dragon Lake are among the most popular camping spots in this area, but we will talk about it later. The Geghama Mountains are ideal not only for day hikes but also for multi-day trekking and camping adventures, which I regularly include in my tours. A quick stop near the Geghama petroglyphs to explore these ancient carvings. Important! Over the years, I’ve encountered many tourists who tried to reach Mount Azhdahak with a rental crossover, only to turn back when they found the terrain too rocky and dangerous for such vehicles. You’ll need a strong, high-clearance car, solid driving and navigation skills, and the ability to handle unexpected challenges. Mud is usually not an issue — you won’t get stuck — but slippery slopes are common, and rainy days can make the route especially difficult. Starting the hike from Geghard village can be quite difficult, especially if you don’t know the locations of the water springs. If you’re not an experienced hiker with good map and navigation skills, it’s better to hire a guide. In the Geghama Mountains, you will find yourself in absolute wilderness, so don’t expect to find a toilet. Mount Aragats — The Roof of Armenia Another must-visit hiking destination is Mount Aragats (4,090 m) — the highest mountain in Armenia. It has four distinct peaks: Northern Summit — 4,090 m (the highest point in Armenia) Western Summit — 3,995 m Eastern Summit — 3,908 m Southern Summit — 3,888 m There are two main starting points for climbing Aragats — Lake Kari (3,200 m) and Gegharot Waterfall (3,000 m) . Lake Kari is easily accessible by car thanks to an old asphalt road built during Soviet times, more than half a century ago, to allow scientists to reach the Cosmic Ray Research Station. It also serves as a convenient base for climbing all four peaks of Mount Aragats. However, the road is open only from mid-May to the end of October. On the shore of Lake Kari, there is a restaurant and a hotel, but don’t expect to use their toilets. You will need to rely on an open-air toilet—beware of this. In late October 2025, we got stuck in deep snow, as this area is highly exposed to strong winds and snowstorms that often block the road. Luckily, while we were enjoying a cup of coffee, a bulldozer arrived and cleared the road. Gegharot Waterfall offers a shorter route to the northern and eastern summits but requires a high-clearance off-road vehicle to reach. Keep in mind that the road to Gegharot is just as rough as the one to Mount Azhdahak — a sturdy vehicle is a must. Last time I was there, I saw dozens of cars abandoned along the way; their drivers realized too late that the rocky terrain would destroy their plastic crossovers, so they gave up on climbing Aragats and were lucky just to make it as far as the waterfall. In this area, you are already far from any civilization—only tourists and shepherds may be encountered here. There are no toilets and no tourist infrastructure. Wild Armenia welcomes you! We have just reached the crater of mount Aragats and are ready for the final summit push! If you’re fit and up for a challenge, you can conquer two peaks in a single day — usually the Southern and Western summits. For a more immersive experience, consider a two-day trek: start from Lake Kari, climb the first two peaks, camp overnight inside Aragats’ massive crater, and the next day, ascend the Northern and Eastern summits before descending to Gegharot waterfall, where an off-road car can meet you. Winter and Easy Hikes in Armenia In winter, I recommend hikes to Lastiver, the Lake Parz–Goshavank trail, Smbataberd (Fortress of Smbat), or a climb to Mount Artanish. The summit of Mount Artanish is the only point from where you can see the entire Lake Sevan from above — a view that’s truly unforgettable. Located in the Gegharkunik region, on the eastern shore of Lake Sevan, the mountain stands on the Artanish Peninsula, which separates Big and Small Sevan. Rising to 2,460 meters above sea level with a relative height of 560 meters, this hike covers about 5 km one way, takes around 2.5 hours, and involves an elevation gain of 560 meters. Descending from mount Artanish! Lastiver is home to a two-story cave carved into a steep canyon slope near the majestic gorge of the Khachaghbyur River. Surrounded by towering trees, rugged cliffs, and the soothing sound of the river, this place feels like stepping into a fairy tale. In the 1970s, Soviet-Armenian sculptor Benik Petrosyan decorated the cave walls with striking bas-reliefs, enhancing its mysterious aura. Many visitors mistakenly believe these carvings are ancient, which only adds to the sense of wonder. Historically, the caves of Lastiver served as a refuge for locals during the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries. To reach the caves, people built wooden staircases resembling rafts — which is how the site got its name, “Lastiver,” derived from Armenian. The hike to Lastiver covers about 3.5 km one way, takes roughly 2 hours, and starts about 145 km from Yerevan. It was a rainy day when we started our hike to Lastiver! For a scenic two-day trek, the Lori region is one of my favorites. The Lori Canyon provides breathtaking views, and along the way, you can visit several UNESCO World Heritage Sites — a perfect mix of nature and culture. A hike along Lori Canyon to Horomayr Monastery or to Kayan Fortress is something you’ll love. Unlike the Gegharkunik or Aragatsotn regions, this area is covered with thick forests—if you appreciate that, this region is perfect for you. The lovely Lori Kanyon Sightseeing tours in Armenia The most popular sightseeing tours in Armenia include Echmiadzin Cathedral , Garni Pagan Temple , Geghard Monastery , and Sevanavank . These sites are not only historically and architecturally significant but also conveniently located near Yerevan, making them must-visit destinations. For travelers with more time, Haghpat and Sanahin , both UNESCO World Heritage sites, are essential stops. Other highly recommended destinations include Khor Virap , Noravank , and Tatev Monastery . Here’s a brief overview of these remarkable locations. Etchmiadzin Cathedral is the mother church of the Armenian Apostolic Church, located in the city known both as Etchmiadzin (Ejmiatsin) and Vagharshapat, Armenia. It is widely recognized as the first cathedral built in ancient Armenia and is often regarded as the oldest Christian cathedral in the world. Garni Pagan Temple & Geghard Monastery Tour The Garni-Geghard tour is one of Armenia’s most popular sightseeing experiences, offering a journey from ancient pagan traditions to the dawn of Christianity. Located just a short drive from Yerevan, these landmarks offer an excellent opportunity to explore Armenia’s rich cultural and historical heritage within a few hours. Moreover, thanks to their close proximity, even private tours here are quite budget-friendly. Garni Pagan Temple , built in the 1st century AD during the reign of King Tiridates I , is the only surviving Greco-Roman colonnaded temple in the post-Soviet region. Dedicated to Mihr , the Armenian sun god, it endured centuries of history, including Armenia’s conversion to Christianity in 301 AD. Destroyed by an earthquake in 1679, it was meticulously restored in the 1970s. Today, Garni stands as a rare testament to Armenia’s pre-Christian heritage. On the territory of Garni Fortress, a free toilet is available. Geghard Monastery , a UNESCO World Heritage site in Kotayk Province, dates back to the 4th century and was founded by St. Gregory the Illuminator . Its name, meaning “Monastery of the Spear,” comes from the Holy Lance —the relic believed to have pierced Jesus Christ’s side during the crucifixion, brought to Armenia by the Apostle Thaddeus. While the relic is now kept in the Treasury of Etchmiadzin, Geghard remains a stunning example of rock-hewn Armenian architecture and spiritual significance. Near Geghard Monastery, a paid toilet is available for just 100 AMD. Khor Virap Monastery , set against the majestic backdrop of Mount Ararat, is one of Armenia’s most sacred pilgrimage sites. It marks the 13-year imprisonment of Gregory the Illuminator by King Tiridates III, after which Gregory became the king’s religious mentor, leading Armenia to become the world’s first Christian nation in 301 AD. The first chapel at Khor Virap was built in 642 by Nerses III the Builder to honor Saint Gregory. Over the centuries, it underwent several reconstructions, and in 1662 the larger St. Astvatsatsin (Holy Mother of God) chapel was built around the original structure, incorporating the monastery, refectory, and monks’ cells. Noravank, a 13th-century Armenian monastic complex, is famed for its Surb Astvatsatsin (Holy Mother of God) and Surb Karapet (St. John the Baptist) churches. Nestled in a gorge of striking red cliffs, it is one of Armenia’s most photogenic and popular tourist destinations. Sevanavank is a 9th-century monastic complex located on a peninsula of Lake Sevan in the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. The complex consists of two churches: Surb Arakelots (“Holy Apostles”) and Surb Astvatsatsin (“Holy Mother of God”), both built with cruciform plans and octagonal tambours. Sanahin and Haghpat Monasteries, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites, are not only remarkable examples of medieval Armenian architecture but also cinematic landmarks. Scenes from Sergei Parajanov’s iconic film The Color of Pomegranates (1969) were filmed here, adding artistic and cultural depth to these already majestic monastic complexes. Urbex tours in Armenia After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many industrial plants, hotels, pioneer camps, culture houses, cable car stations, and other facilities were abandoned, looted, or fell into decay. Over time, these sites have gained a mysterious and captivating atmosphere, attracting travelers fascinated by urbex and abandoned places. Today, they are highly sought-after by urban explorers, and the private guided tours I offer attract hundreds of tourists each year. Here are a few of the remarkable urbex destinations where I personally guide my clients. Hidden in the serene hills of Orgov lies ROT54, a massive, now-abandoned scientific telescope. Built between 1975 and 1985, it features a 54-meter (177 ft) dish and was once among the world’s most advanced radio-optical telescopes. The project was conceived by Paris Herouni, an Armenian radio astronomer, physicist, and engineer, who spent years persuading Soviet authorities to approve its construction in Armenia. The control room of ROT54 The telescope operated from 1986 until 1990. In the mid-1990s, restoration efforts began: between 1995 and 2010, it was partially modernized with new control systems and equipment, allowing observations to resume with support from the Astronomical Society of Russia and the National Technical University of Athens. However, in 2012, a control arm failed, disabling the secondary mirror and halting operations once again. With no funds available for repairs, the facility was ultimately mothballed. Carlus from Spain is happy to finally visit this place From my personal experience, I can tell you that this is one of the most popular destinations for urban explorers, and I often receive requests to take tourists here. A typical tour to ROT54, if we start early at around 7:50 AM from Yerevan, takes about four hours in total — we’re back in the city by midday. So even if you’re using Armenia as a transit stop or are short on time, this is a destination you shouldn’t miss before leaving. The Trophy 1-Meter Schmidt Telescope — Hitler’s Gift to Mussolini On the way to ROT54, we pass through the village of Byurakan, where in 1946 Viktor Hambardzumyan founded one of Armenia’s most renowned scientific centers — the Byurakan Observatory. Several telescopes here are open for visitors, but the one that draws the most attention is the legendary 1-meter Schmidt telescope. This telescope carries significant historical value — it was originally a gift from Hitler to Mussolini, and its inauguration was attended by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Beyond its political past, it played a key role in major astronomical discoveries. The building that houses the ZTA-2.6 telescope... In 1965, Benjamin Markarian used the Schmidt telescope to conduct the First Byurakan Survey (FBS). Through these observations, he discovered numerous faint galaxies, from the 13th to 17th magnitude, notable for their excess ultraviolet radiation. These celestial bodies became known as Markarian galaxies in his honor. Armenia’s Particle Accelerator Just a short drive from central Yerevan, in what were once the city’s outskirts during the 1960s, stands something few would expect from a small mountainous country better known for its ancient monasteries and volcanic peaks — a particle accelerator. Founded in 1943 as a branch of Yerevan State University by renowned physicists Abraham Alikhanov and Artem Alikhanyan, the Yerevan Physics Institute (YerPhI) soon became a cornerstone of Armenia’s scientific ambitions. In 1965, the LU-75 linear accelerator was completed, and two years later it was joined by a 6 GeV synchrotron. Though its raw power could not match modern giants like CERN, this facility was once among the most advanced in the Soviet Union, operating for over 5,000 hours annually at its peak. The “Arus” synchrotron — about 70 meters in diameter and 220 meters in circumference — was designed to accelerate electrons to 6 GeV. It also generated a beam of linearly polarized photons in the 0.9–1.8 GeV range, enabling high-precision experiments in particle physics and interactions. Tours to an Abandoned Refractory Brick Factory During my urbex tours, we also explore a massive Soviet-era refractory brick factory — a haunting reminder of Armenia’s industrial past. Built in 1951, the factory was strategically positioned near a rich clay deposit, crucial for producing high-quality fire-resistant bricks. At its peak, it employed over 600 workers, forming the backbone of the local economy and sustaining nearby villages and towns. Every day, seven to eight railway wagons carried bricks to Russia, fueling the Soviet Union’s vast industrial demand. Stepping inside today feels like entering a time capsule. Rusting machinery, heavy-duty tools, and even Soviet trucks remain scattered across the vast production halls. Strange metal devices — their purpose now forgotten — lie untouched, frozen in time as industrial relics of a vanished era. The Iron Fountain in Gyumri Despite being abandoned and surrounded by scattered debris, this rusty iron fountain in Gyumri continues to draw curious visitors from around the world — and it’s always on my must-see list when touring the city. This post-apocalyptic masterpiece, officially named the “Friendship” Fountain but better known as “The Iron Fountain,” was designed by renowned Armenian architect Arthur Tarkhanyan. Inaugurated in 1982, it quickly became a favorite gathering place for locals, especially during evening walks. Although the fountain itself survived the devastating 1988 earthquake, the surrounding area fell into neglect. The difficult post-earthquake years left little room for restoration, and the site has since remained a striking symbol of Gyumri’s resilience and faded Soviet grandeur. Tour to an Abandoned Carpet Factory Among my urban exploration tours, one of the most striking stops is this abandoned carpet factory — a vast, silent monument to Armenia’s industrial heritage. Once buzzing with thousands of workers, this colossal plant could produce up to one million square meters of carpet annually. Founded in 1964, it specialized in crafting various types of carpets — including double-walled, jacquard, and five-color designs — using materials such as New Zealand wool, domestic capron, and copper-ammonia fiber. At its peak in 1975, the factory reached record production levels, earning international recognition for the beauty and craftsmanship of its carpets, which combined traditional Armenian patterns with modern aesthetics. These works were exhibited across the globe — from Montreal and São Paulo to Beirut, Baghdad, Prague, Plovdiv, Leipzig, and even at the Exhibition of Achievements of the People’s Economy of the USSR (VDNKh). Tours to Soviet-era sanatoriums During my urbex tours, we also explore Soviet-era sanatoriums — both still operating and long abandoned. Many of these places hold fascinating stories, as some were built by German war captives after World War II. Their architecture alone is worth the visit: grand, atmospheric, and often surprisingly elegant, these buildings never fail to captivate those who step inside. Although this one is abandoned, it remains well-preserved and features wide corridors, elegant balconies, and a mysterious atmosphere that continues to attract visitors from around the world. Urban Explorer tours to Soviet-Era Pioneer Camps This abandoned pioneer camp in Armenia is one of the best-preserved I’ve ever seen. As you explore its overgrown grounds, you’ll encounter striking relics of the past — from grand mosaics adorning the swimming pool walls to statues of iconic figures like Buratino and Medz Mher. During the Soviet era, Armenia had around 200 pioneer camps, but only about ten survived after the collapse of the USSR. These camps were typically located outside cities, nestled in the woods, offering children a retreat into nature. The “Fairy-Tale” camp was among the finest in Armenia. It officially opened in 1985 and operated until roughly 1993. Its story was dramatically affected by the 1988 earthquake, which partially destroyed buildings and delayed renovations. By the time the camp reopened, the Soviet Union had dissolved, marking the end of its era. Hidden in Yerevan’s Hrazdan Gorge lies the abandoned Children’s Railway, a nostalgic remnant of Soviet-era Armenia. Built in 1937, it once delighted generations with its charming trains and stations named Motherland, Pioneer, and Happiness. The railway’s elegant station, designed by prominent Armenian architects, still stands surrounded by nature, its stained-glass windows perfect for photography. Though now privatized and silent, traces of its past glory remain everywhere. If you enjoy forgotten places with history and atmosphere, this spot is well worth a visit. Ready to explore Armenia with Suren? If this sparks your interest, let’s chat! Send me a message on WhatsApp or Telegram to plan your perfect adventure in Armenia. Safe travels! 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I guess many of you have seen those social media graphics telling how Swedish mountaineer Goran Kropp traveled from Sweden to Nepal by bicycle to conquer Everest without bottled oxygen. In one of my upcoming articles, I will cover that story, but for now, I want to write about another feat of his. Before Everest, he conquered K2 Mountain in 1993. < Back Goran Kropp's Ascent to K2 Mountain I guess many of you have seen those social media graphics telling how Swedish mountaineer Goran Kropp traveled from Sweden to Nepal by bicycle to conquer Everest without bottled oxygen. In one of my upcoming articles, I will cover that story, but for now, I want to write about another feat of his. Before Everest, he conquered K2 Mountain in 1993. K2, the second-highest mountain on Earth, rises to a formidable height of 8,611 meters (28,251 feet) above sea level, trailing only Mount Everest at 8,849 meters (29,032 feet). Situated along the border between Pakistan and China, K2 is part of the Karakoram Range, a section of the greater Himalayan mountain system, in a region renowned for its isolated and rugged splendor. Dubbed the "Savage Mountain," K2 has garnered a reputation for its perilous conditions. It ranks among the deadliest peaks globally, with a staggering fatality rate of approximately 25%. This means that for every four climbers who reach the summit, one does not survive the descent. The mountain's steep, ice-clad slopes, volatile weather, and complex technical challenges contribute to its harrowing mortality rate. Our protagonist, Goran Kropp, first glimpsed K2 when he ascended Muztagh Tower in Pakistan, also known as the Impossible Mountain. As Goran writes, “It was like seeing a newborn baby for the first time: I experienced a profound longing, a love for that mountain. I knew I had to climb it one day.” In 1993, Goran Kropp joined a Swedish expedition headed for his dream mountain, K2, the world’s second-highest peak. No Scandinavian had yet scaled K2, and it occurred to him that he could become the first and would probably be able to support himself through mountaineering. But already in Islamabad, he met Tomaz, the leader of the Slovenian K2 expedition that he had bought into for about $9,000. When Goran introduced himself, Tomaz looked at him with surprise. “Kropp?” he stammered. “Oh, yes. That’s right. Thanks for your money. You can do whatever you want – but we’re climbing without you.” It turned out that Tomaz had wanted his money only to help fund his expedition. Apart from cash, he had no interest whatsoever in Goran. His statement became a slap in Goran’s face. Goran Kropp and K2 mountain Kropp arrived at Base Camp with his girlfriend, Josephine Beijer, and met David Sharman, an English climber who, like him, had also bought into the Slovenian team and been fooled. Kropp writes: “One day the Slovenian expedition set off for the top. At noon, we heard them on the radio: ‘One hour left to summit,’ they said. Of course, we were happy for them. But then the almost predictable storm broke, and there was no more word from them. Later that night, we heard news that all six climbers were huddling in a two-person tent flapping wildly in the gale.” Bostian suffered cerebral edema. Others tried to carry and pull him downhill, but he died on the Shoulder – the same haunted place where everyone perished in 1986. Goran climbed up to help them. In Camp Two, he met them. Stiepe was snow blind. One of Boris’s toes was frostbitten, as were all of Zvonko’s toes and fingers. He helped them into the tent. There was only room for half the tent on the ledge, however, so they crawled inside, pressed their backs up against the rock face, and dangled their feet over the edge. When he asked them to do this or help with that, they answered: “It’s no use. We’re too tired.” Zvonko’s hands were black and covered with frostbite blisters. After Kropp removed his boots, he saw that his feet, too, from the ankles down, were frozen solid. Then he placed Zvonko’s feet under his armpits to warm them, and they sat like that all night long while he spoke to them in a soothing tone. Perhaps he saved an inch or two of Zvonko’s feet. When he asked whether they reached the top, they answered “No,” after hesitating for a moment. Zvonko was the closest; he turned back 200 feet from the summit of K2. Back home, Boris eventually had two toes amputated, and Zvonko lost all ten of his fingers and all ten toes. But in order to recoup the expedition’s finances and their honor, the Slovenians made a desperate decision. They fabricated a story that they had reached the summit. As Goran writes, “It was a miserable lie, of course, one that poisons mountaineering.” David Sharman and Goran, meanwhile, were getting ready for their ascent. They headed up the Abruzzi Spur a week later, reaching Camp Four at 26,200 feet on August 22. The weather was good, with no snow, but David was complaining of a headache. After a restless time spent in the tent, at 3:00 AM, Kropp started the ascent. David started shortly after him. Soon after the sun appeared in the sky, David gave up; it turned out he had slipped and fractured something. Kropp was now alone. He approached the Bottleneck, a difficult section that had taken many lives. But Goran smoothly crossed that section as if it weren’t at all the notorious K2. At 11:00, he stood at the summit of K2, the mountain of mountains. He took his camera from his backpack and took pictures of the view and himself. He thought to himself, “What a star I am! I’ve climbed the hardest peak in the world without any problems.” Goran Kropp making his iconic journey by bicycle But at that very same moment, he felt the power of the mountain. The icy cold mountain was getting ready to punish him for his pride. He immediately started climbing back down the summit snow ridge to get to Camp Three as soon as possible before the storm hit. His crampon came off and fell down the icy slope. Desperately groping for his ice axe, after falling for 100 feet, he grabbed his ice axe and managed to stop. He was still above the notorious Bottleneck, and the blizzard was now approaching. He put his crampon back on with difficulty as his hands were very cold. The fear of death moved him. Just as the storm hit, he reached Camp Four and crawled into his tent. David was not there; he had descended earlier. Kropp writes: “I realized to my chagrin that everything was exactly as it had been at the start of the 1986 tragedy. But they had been eight, and I was alone.” He knew he should not make the mistake of the 1986 expedition and wait for the storm to pass. Now cuddled in his sleeping bag, he tried to regain his strength as soon as possible to continue the descent. He forced himself to eat every scrap of food he could find and turned on his Walkman to listen to some samba, the happiest music he had. Morning came, but the storm didn’t subside. Earlier, they had marked the route back, placing marker sticks every 80 feet to get from that ridge down the Abruzzi Spur and Base Camp. But now, as he got out of the tent, he found that the snow was up to his waist. No bamboo wands, nothing. He returned to the tent. He realized he needed a rope. He then remembered Bostian, who had died there from cerebral edema. He got out of the tent to look for Bostian’s body, which was tied with a rope used to drag him down. With great difficulty, he found Bostian’s backpack, and luckily inside was a rope. No need to find Bostian himself. He then tied one end of the rope to his tent and himself to the other end, then used the rope as a tether to search for the marker wands and still find his way back to the tent. After four hours, he found the first marker. Alas, he was now stuck in deep snow. Goran thought, “Now it’s over! I will die.” Just at that moment, the snowy fog opened up long enough for Goran to see the next marker wand leading across the snow slope to the descent ridge. He slid forward. Soon, night fell. He was now left without food and water. He ate snow, which could cause diarrhea. At Camp One, he heard a loud clap. It was an avalanche that passed 300 feet away. But the wind blast threw him fifteen or twenty feet until the fixed rope he was tied to stopped his fall. But at that moment, the videotape with all his film sequences fell out of his backpack and rolled down into the abyss. Not much later, he fell into a small glacial lake. Standing in water up to his waist, he was instantly chilled to the marrow. After getting out of the water, he was now shivering with hypothermia. He forced himself to tear off his sodden outer clothes, wring them out, and get into his sleeping bag to sleep for 28 hours. After he got up, he noticed the multicolored tents that marked Base Camp; he had slept 600 feet from there. He took his radio and called, “Goran Kropp here!” The surprised voice answered, “We thought you were dead.” His girlfriend, Josephine Beijer, had also thought that he had died. Later, he realized that he had lost her on K2. Josephine just couldn’t live with that kind of worry and left him after she realized he wanted to continue high-altitude climbing. Another sixteen-hour sleep was required to recover from that exhausting journey. This ascent made Kropp the second person to summit K2 without the use of supplemental oxygen. For this article, I referenced Goran Kropp’s book Ultimate High: My Everest Odyssey." Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

Planning to visit Armenia and explore its most beautiful religious sites? This article serves as a useful tourist guide. From the iconic Etchmiadzin Cathedral to the recently built Quba Mere Diwane Yazidi temple, each site offers a glimpse into Armenia's rich religious history and stunning architectural heritage. Discover these timeless treasures and immerse yourself in Armenia's spiritual and cultural legacy. < Back The most beautiful churches in Armenia Planning to visit Armenia and explore its most beautiful religious sites? This article serves as a useful tourist guide. From the iconic Etchmiadzin Cathedral to the recently built Quba Mere Diwane Yazidi temple, each site offers a glimpse into Armenia's rich religious history and stunning architectural heritage. Discover these timeless treasures and immerse yourself in Armenia's spiritual and cultural legacy. Etchmiadzin Cathedral Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the mother church of the Armenian Apostolic Church, stands in the city known as both Etchmiadzin and Vagharshapat, Armenia. It is generally considered the first cathedral built in ancient Armenia and is often regarded as the oldest Christian cathedral in the world. Etchmiadzin Cathedral Khor Virap monastic complex Nestled amidst the stunning Armenian landscape with the majestic backdrop of Mount Ararat, Khor Virap Monastery stands as a sacred pilgrimage site. Its significance dates back to Gregory the Illuminator's 13-year imprisonment by King Tiridates III. After his release, Saint Gregory became the king's religious mentor, leading the country's proselytizing activity. In 301 AD, Armenia was declared the world's first Christian nation. A chapel was initially erected in 642 at the site of Khor Virap (Deep Pit), where Gregory the Illuminator endured 13 years of imprisonment. It was constructed by Nerses III the Builder as a mark of veneration to Saint Gregory. Over time, the chapel underwent several reconstructions. In 1662, the larger chapel known as the "St. Astvatsatsin" (Holy Mother of God) was built around the remnants of the old chapel, incorporating the monastery, refectory, and monks' cells. Khor Virap monastic complex Noravank Noravank, a 13th-century Armenian monastic complex, features the iconic Surb Astvatsatsin (Holy Mother of God) Church and Surb Karapet (St. John the Baptist) Church, nestled in a gorge renowned for its stunning red cliffs, making it a favorite destination among tourists. Khachkars and Surb Astvatsatsin Haghpat Monastery Haghpat Monastery, a medieval complex built between the 10th and 13th centuries in Haghpat village, Armenia, is described as a "masterpiece of religious architecture and a major center of learning in the Middle Ages." Alongside Sanahin Monastery, it was listed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1996. Aerial photo of Haghpat monastic complex Sanahin Monastery Sanahin Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Armenia, is a remarkable medieval complex renowned for its architectural and historical significance. Established in the 10th century, it features stunning examples of Armenian ecclesiastical architecture, including intricately carved churches and a notable library. Sanahin, alongside the nearby Haghpat Monastery, showcases the development of medieval Armenian art and culture. Its historical importance and exceptional preservation make it a must-visit for those on cultural tours in Armenia, offering a deep dive into ancient architecture and Armenian heritage. Sanahin Monastery Yererouk Basilica Yererouk, also known as Yereruyk or Ererouk, is a 4th–5th century Armenian church situated near the village of Anipemza in the Shirak Province of Armenia. The name "Yererouk" translates to "quivering" in Armenian. According to popular tradition, the name of the temple originated from its distinctive architectural design, which appears to quiver atop its six columns when viewed from a distance. Yererouk Basilica as seen by my camera Horomayr Monastery Horomayr Monastery, located in Lori Province, is divided into upper and lower parts, each offering breathtaking views of the Lori gorge. My personal favorite is the Lower Horomayr, situated beneath towering cliffs, accessible via a rewarding one-hour hike. Horomayr Monastery as seen by my drone Sevanavank Sevanavank is a 9th-century monastic complex situated on a peninsula of Lake Sevan in the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. The complex comprises two churches: Surp Arakelots, meaning "Holy Apostles," and Surp Astvatsatsin, meaning "Holy Mother of God." Both churches feature cruciform plan structures with octagonal tambours. Sevanavank in May The world's largest Yazidi temple Quba Mere Diwane is recognized as the world's largest Yazidi temple, situated in the Armenian village of Aknalich, within the province of Armavir. This region holds significance as the Yezidi community constitutes the largest minority. The Yazidis, a sizable ethnic minority in Armenia, follow an ancient monotheistic faith with influences from Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Sufism, Zoroastrianism, and elements of Iranian paganism. Quba Mere Diwane in Aknalich village St. Nicholas in Amrakits village St. Nicholas the Wonderworker Church is a Russian Orthodox church situated in Amrakits village. Initially built in 1848, it underwent reconstruction between 1910 and 1914. Regrettably, it suffered damage during the 1988 Spitak earthquake, like many other architectural masterpieces, and has remained in disrepair since then. Thanks to its unique design, St. Nicholas attracts thousands of tourists annually The Church of Saint Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia The Church of Saint Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia is located in the city of Gyumri, Armenia. The church was built in the 1870s and consecrated in 1910. During Soviet times, in the 1930s, the domes were destroyed. After this, the building was used as an orphanage, a film club and a stable. Located in Gyumri city this church attracts visitors thanks to its charming design Odzun church Odzun Church is an iconic example of early medieval Armenian architecture, situated in the village of Odzun in the Lori region. Constructed between the 5th and 7th centuries, this basilica exemplifies the architectural elegance of Armenian ecclesiastical design, characterized by its distinct rectangular form and intricate stone carvings. Perched on a scenic plateau, the church offers breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding mountains and valleys. Beyond its role as a place of worship, Odzun Church stands as a significant historical and cultural monument, embodying Armenia's rich and enduring heritage. With majestic mountains veiled by ever-present clouds, the landscape forms a truly dramatic backdrop Akhtala Monastery Aerial photo of Akhtala Monastery Akhtala, also known as Pghndzavank (Armenian: Պղնձավանք, meaning "Coppermine Monastery"), is a 10th-century Armenian Apostolic monastery located in the town of Akhtala, in the Lori Province, within the Debed Gorge, on a small plateau. The main church, dedicated to the Holy Mother of God, was built by Ivane Zakaryan in the first quarter of the 13th century. Its walls are adorned with frescoes. The two-layered, high-quality frescoes depict various episodes from the Old and New Testaments, as well as images of saints, including Gregory the Illuminator. Preserved depictions also include the apostles Peter, John, and Paul, along with the evangelists Luke and Matthew. The frescoes on the west wall portray the Kingdom of Heaven, while those on the north wall illustrate the Passion of Christ, the High Priest Caiaphas, and the Roman governor Pontius Pilate. Additionally, the arches, partitions, and columns are decorated with scriptural themes and portraits of saints. Haghartsin Monastery Haghartsin (Armenian: Հաղարծին) is a medieval Armenian monastic complex located near the town of Dilijan in the Tavush Province of Armenia. The monastery was constructed between the 10th and 13th centuries and is surrounded by forested mountains, contributing to its secluded and peaceful atmosphere. Haghartsin Monastery in winter The complex consists of three main churches: St. Astvatsatsin Church (St. Mary’s), the largest and most prominent structure St. Gregory’s Church, the oldest, built in the 10th century St. Stephen’s Church Additional buildings include a gavit (a type of narthex) and a refectory, which once served the monastic community. The name Haghartsin is popularly believed to come from the Armenian words khaghal’ (“play” or “move around”) and artsiv (“eagle”). According to tradition, during the consecration of the main church, an eagle was seen soaring above the dome—symbolizing divine presence and giving the monastery its name, often interpreted as the “Monastery of the Soaring Eagle.” Today, Haghartsin remains a significant historical and cultural site and is a popular destination for visitors to the Dilijan region. Aruchavank Monastery Aruchavank (Armenian: Արուճավանք), also known as the Cathedral of Aruch or Surb Grigor, is a 7th-century Armenian church located in the village of Aruch, in the Aragatsotn Province of Armenia. The church was built between 661 and 682 AD by Prince Grigor Mamikonian and his wife Heghine (Heline), as recorded in wall inscriptions and historical manuscripts by Armenian historians Ghevond, Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi, and Stepanos Asoghik. A royal palace complex once stood nearby, the remains of which were excavated in the mid-20th century. Aruchavank is a domed hall single-nave basilica, considered one of the most important and largest churches of medieval Armenia. Although the dome and drum had collapsed due to earthquakes or possibly military use in the 16th–17th centuries, the structure was partially restored between 1946 and 1948, excluding the drum and cupola. Tatev Monastery Tatev Monastery is a 9th-century Armenian Apostolic monastery perched on the edge of the dramatic Vorotan River Gorge, near the village of Tatev in Syunik Province, southeastern Armenia. This fortified complex includes three main churches—Saints Paul and Peter Church, Saint Gregory the Illuminator Church, and the Holy Mother of God Church—as well as a library, refectory, bell tower, mausoleum, and various administrative and auxiliary buildings. In the 14th and 15th centuries, Tatev became home to the University of Tatev, one of medieval Armenia’s leading centers of learning. The university played a crucial role in the development of science, theology, and philosophy. It was also instrumental in manuscript production and the flourishing of miniature art. During a particularly turbulent chapter in Armenian history, the scholars of Tatev worked to preserve the nation's cultural and spiritual identity. Vorotnavank Monastery Vorotnavank is a medieval monastic complex located in the Syunik Province of Armenia. According to the historian Stepanos Orbelyan, the first church on the site—dedicated to Saint Gregory—was founded in the 4th century by Saint Gregory himself. It was later rebuilt by a hermit named Father Stepanos. The church became a site of pilgrimage, renowned for its miraculous power to heal snake bites. In the year 1000, Queen Shahandukht, wife of King Smbat Orbelyan of Syunik and a member of the Bagratid dynasty, built the vaulted Church of Saint Stepanos near the ruins of the original church of Saint Gregory. In 1007, her younger son, Prince Sevada—brother of King Vasak of Syunik—constructed the Church of Surb Karapet (Saint John the Baptist). The monastery endured invasions by the Seljuks and the Mongol-Tatars under Tamerlane. Though it was restored several times afterward, it suffered significant damage during the 1931 earthquake. Vorotnavank also served as a center of Armenian scholarship and manuscript writing. Prominent figures such as the philosopher Hovhan Vorotnetsi, Grigor Tatevatsi, and others lived and worked here, contributing to the intellectual and spiritual life of medieval Armenia. 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My blog is about traveling, and this is probably the shortest trip I've ever come across. Nevertheless, due to its audacity and ingenuity, I have decided to cover it. < Back Escape Attempt from the Soviet Union with a Homemade Plane My blog is about traveling, and this is probably the shortest trip I've ever come across. Nevertheless, due to its audacity and ingenuity, I have decided to cover it. In 1973, in the southwest of Yerevan, near Sovetashen, locals discovered a crashed plane. Law enforcement agencies soon found out that four citizens of Soviet Armenia had managed to build a plane and attempted to cross the Armenian-Turkish border with it, solely using the Soviet scientific magazine "Young Technician" (Юный техник). These daring boys had chosen an abandoned warehouse in Nubarashen as the location for creating their flying machine. They transported the necessary parts and equipment for the homemade aircraft during the night. Investigations revealed that the plane was constructed almost flawlessly. However, something went wrong during takeoff, leading to the crash. The mastermind behind the escape and the leader of the group was Henrik Arakelyan, who was engaged in foreign currency trading, considered a criminal activity in the Soviet Union. Henrik had managed to accumulate considerable wealth that he couldn't utilize within the Soviet Union, and he needed to get it out of the country. Since only limited details were revealed by the RA National Security Service in 2019, we can only speculate that the boys were planning to seek political asylum in the USA after reaching Turkey. Typically, those fleeing from the USSR moved westward. The fate of the boys is clear: success for the victors, judgment for the losers. By the way, years later, in 1984, Czech citizen Ivo Zdarsky managed to escape from an Iron Curtain country in an aircraft he built himself.". Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk

The 2016 film The Lost City of Z, directed by James Gray, brings to life the true story of British explorer Percy Fawcett’s quest to find an ancient civilization in the Amazon. Based on David Grann’s 2009 book, the movie captures Fawcett’s expeditions and mysterious 1925 disappearance. While praised for its storytelling and cinematography, the film takes creative liberties, blending fact with fiction. This article delves into the history and the ongoing mystery surrounding Fawcett's fate. < Back The Real Story Behind the Movie The Lost City of Z The 2016 film The Lost City of Z, directed by James Gray, brings to life the true story of British explorer Percy Fawcett’s quest to find an ancient civilization in the Amazon. Based on David Grann’s 2009 book, the movie captures Fawcett’s expeditions and mysterious 1925 disappearance. While praised for its storytelling and cinematography, the film takes creative liberties, blending fact with fiction. This article delves into the history and the ongoing mystery surrounding Fawcett's fate. The 2016 film The Lost City of Z, directed by James Gray, intricately portrays the compelling true story of British explorer Percy Fawcett’s relentless search for an ancient civilization hidden deep within the Amazon rainforest. Based on David Grann's 2009 bestselling book, the film dramatizes Fawcett’s early 20th-century expeditions and his mysterious disappearance. Although The Lost City of Z did not achieve commercial success, grossing approximately $19.3 million worldwide on a $30 million budget, it garnered critical acclaim for its storytelling, performances, and cinematography. Over time, the film developed a devoted following, particularly among enthusiasts of historical adventure cinema. Theatrical release poster of the movie The Lost City of Z While The Lost City of Z remains faithful to the core of Fawcett’s journey, it takes certain creative liberties for dramatic effect. Certain events, such as Fawcett's interactions with hostile tribes and his experiences in World War I, are amplified for cinematic purposes. For instance, there is no historical evidence to suggest Fawcett was ever captured by a tribe during his explorations. The book cover of The Lost City of Z A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon by David Grann The search for lost cities in the Amazon attracted explorers long before Fawcett. In February 1541, Gonzalo Pizarro, the brother of the renowned conquistador Francisco Pizarro and governor of Quito at the time, led an expedition from Quito to the east in search of the fabled kingdom of a golden king. Pizarro's journey into the heart of South America was driven by the hope of discovering El Dorado, the legendary city of immense wealth. However, despite failing to find any such city, the expedition's accounts further fueled the enduring myth of El Dorado. Over time, numerous expeditions—often driven by a mix of ambition, greed, and curiosity—were launched in search of this fabled city, but none yielded definitive proof of its existence. It should be noted that although both El Dorado and the myth of Lost City Z involve legendary hidden civilizations in the Americas, they are not the same. The last significant attempt to locate such a civilization was led by Percy Fawcett. Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett was a British geographer, archaeologist, and explorer born in 1867. He was a member of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) and made multiple expeditions to South America in the early 1900s, primarily mapping uncharted regions of the Amazon. Fawcett was highly respected for his survival skills and knowledge of indigenous cultures. Page 2 of Manuscript 512 Between 1906 and 1924, Fawcett embarked on seven expeditions across the Amazon Basin, mapping uncharted territories for the Royal Geographical Society and searching for what he believed to be evidence of an advanced, lost culture. His theories were influenced by archaeological discoveries, Indigenous reports, and historical texts, including the mysterious 18th-century Manuscript 512, which described the ruins of an ancient stone city deep in the Brazilian jungle. Manuscript 512, housed in the Brazilian National Library in Rio de Janeiro, is an unsigned document written in 1753 by a Portuguese bandeirante (explorer) who claimed to have discovered ruins of an ancient stone city deep in the Brazilian jungle. The manuscript describes a city with wide streets, multi-story stone buildings, and inscriptions resembling Greek or ancient European scripts—features highly unusual for known pre-Columbian civilizations of the region. The document also mentions silver-rich mines nearby. However, no definitive evidence of this city has ever been found, and its location remains a mystery, contributing to speculation about lost civilizations in the Amazon. Fawcett, however, believed in the existence of an advanced, lost civilization in the Amazon, which he called “Z.” Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett, 1911 In 1925, Fawcett set off on his final expedition with his son Jack and Jack’s friend Raleigh Rimell. Their goal was to locate "Z" in the uncharted jungles of Brazil. However, after sending a final letter from a place called Dead Horse Camp, the trio vanished without a trace. Despite numerous search efforts over the decades, no confirmed evidence of their fate has ever been found. A still from the movie "The Lost City of Z" The Mystery Lives On In 1952, anthropologist Orlando Villas-Bôas claimed to have discovered the remains of Percy Fawcett and alleged that the Kalapalo people had confessed to killing him. Villas-Bôas, a key advocate for Indigenous rights in Brazil and a driving force behind the establishment of Xingu National Park, detailed this account in his report. According to him, Kalapalo chief Sarari recounted that Fawcett and his companions met their fate after refusing to share a duck he had shot—an unforgivable transgression in the communal culture of the indigenous people—and exacerbated the situation by slapping a child. According to Villas-Bôas, the Kalapalo had set an ambush at the Green Lagoon and clubbed the white men to death. Villas-Bôas also reported finding human bones and personal items, including a knife, buttons, and small metal objects, in the area where the Kalapalo had indicated the killings took place. These remains were sent to the Royal Anthropological Institute in London for analysis. The examination concluded that the bones did not match Fawcett's dental records and appeared to belong to a man of different physical stature. The Kalapalo tribe, however, has disputed Villas-Bôas's account. In a 2005 interview, Kalapalo elder Vajavi stated that the tribe had not killed Fawcett and that the bones found by Villas-Bôas were those of his grandfather, Mugikia. Vajavi expressed sadness over the accusations and the portrayal of his people as murderers. These conflicting narratives highlight the complexities of interpreting events that occurred in remote and culturally distinct regions, especially when relying on second-hand accounts and without definitive physical evidence. To this day, Fawcett’s disappearance remains one of history’s greatest unsolved mysteries. Some believe he was killed by indigenous tribes, while others suggest he perished due to starvation or disease. A few unverified reports even claim he chose to stay in the jungle and live among native peoples. While The Lost City of Z may not tell the full, complex truth, it succeeds in reviving interest in one of history’s most intriguing explorers. Whether Fawcett truly found his lost city or not, his legacy endures as a symbol of human curiosity and the endless mysteries of the Amazon. Gallery You May Also Like How to Visit ROT54 (Aragats Scientific Center) – Full Guide Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk