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For a considerable period, each time I returned from Garni to Yerevan, high in the mountains, I observed hollows rising above the Voghjaberd village, known as the Voghjaberd caves. Finally, I decided to stop procrastinating, and together with Menua we are on the way to explore those caves! < Back Exploring Voghjaberd Caves For a considerable period, each time I returned from Garni to Yerevan, high in the mountains, I observed hollows rising above the Voghjaberd village, known as the Voghjaberd caves. Finally, I decided to stop procrastinating, and together with Menua we are on the way to explore those caves! Voghjaberd, a village in the Kotayk region of Armenia, on the Yerevan-Garni highway, on the slopes of Voghjaberd mountains known for their caves. The local population primarily engages in fruit growing and animal husbandry. Me exploring Voghjaberd caves On the northern side of Voghjaberd, you'll find megalithic monuments (cromlechs) from the 2nd millennium BCE, and on the southern side, the ruins of a domed church dating back to the IV-V centuries. However, our main objective was to explore the caves! Setting out early from Yerevan with Menua, we reached our destination in about half an hour. We drove as close as possible, parked in the village, and within 10 minutes, we entered the first cave! The weather was clear, offering a stunning view of Mount Ararat and Mount Aragats. These man-made caves, dating back to the 12th-14th centuries, didn't disappoint. While the caves were not as numerous or deep as I had expected, we still enjoyed coffee in one of them, soaking in the picturesque scenery. For cave enthusiasts, this short trip to Voghjaberd is well worth the visit. Gallery You May Also Like Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Guide in Armenia

Discover the history and symbolism behind communist flags, including the iconic flag of the USSR and the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Learn about the red banner’s representation of unity, revolution, and the ideals of socialism and communism. This article delves into the origins of the hammer and sickle, the meaning of the five-pointed star, and the unique features of the Soviet-Armenian flag, highlighting their intricate designs and ideological significance. < Back Soviet Flag and Soviet-Armenian Flag Discover the history and symbolism behind communist flags, including the iconic flag of the USSR and the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Learn about the red banner’s representation of unity, revolution, and the ideals of socialism and communism. This article delves into the origins of the hammer and sickle, the meaning of the five-pointed star, and the unique features of the Soviet-Armenian flag, highlighting their intricate designs and ideological significance. Flag of the USSR The flag of the USSR , a state symbol of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (alongside the state coat of arms and state anthem), represented "the state sovereignty of the USSR and the unbreakable union of workers and peasants in the struggle to build a communist society." Flag of the USSR The red color of the flag symbolized the heroic struggle of the Soviet people, led by the CPSU, to build socialism and communism. The sickle and hammer represented the unshakable union of the working class and the kolkhoz peasantry. The red five-pointed star on the flag symbolized the eventual triumph of communist ideas on the five inhabited continents of the globe. Yevgeny Khaldei raises the Soviet flag over the Reichstag. This photo became a symbol of the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany The design featured a red rectangular canvas with a golden sickle and hammer in the upper corner near the flagpole. Above these symbols was a red five-pointed star with a golden border. The ratio of the flag's width to its length was 1:2. The USSR adopted its first flag in December 1922. Subsequent adjustments were made in 1923, 1924, 1936, and 1955 to refine details like the hammer’s handle length and the sickle’s shape. In 1980, an amendment to the 1955 decree removed the hammer and sickle from the reverse side of the flag, although the legal description remained unchanged. The 1955 Soviet flag design served as the basis for all flags of the Union Republics. The flags of the Soviet republics that constituted the USSR, as well as the Victory Banner, were all modified or adapted versions of the Soviet flag. For example, here is the flag of the Soviet Armenian Republic. Soviet Armenian Flag Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic between,1920—1922 The second flag of the Armenian SSR was introduced in the constitution adopted on February 2, 1922, by the First Congress of Soviets of the Armenian SSR. The 1922 flag was red with the Cyrillic characters ССРА (SSRA, for Социалистическая Советская Республика Армения, Sotsialisticheskaya Sovetskaya Respublika Armeniya) in the upper left corner. Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, February–March 1922 This flag existed for only a month because, on March 12, 1922, the Armenian SSR united with the Georgian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR to form the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR). This federation was dissolved in 1936, re-establishing the three republics as separate entities. Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, between 1936 and 1940 Between 1936 and 1940, the flag of the Armenian SSR was red, featuring a gold hammer and sickle in the upper left corner. Beneath the hammer and sickle were the Armenian characters ՀԽՍՀ (HKSH, for Հայկական Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն, Haykakan Khorhrdayin Sotsialistakan Hanrapetutiun), written in gold. Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, between 1940 and 1952 Between 1940 and 1952, following reforms in the Armenian language, the characters beneath the hammer and sickle were updated to ՀՍՍՌ (HSSR, for Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Ռեսպուբլիկա, Haykakan Sovetakan Sotsialistakan Respublika), while retaining the same gold color. Flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, between 1952—1990 The flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) was adopted on December 17, 1952, by decree of the Supreme Council of the ASSR. According to Article 167 of the 1978 Constitution of Armenia: The state flag of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic is a red rectangle with a blue stripe running along its entire length in the central part. In the upper left part of the flag, a golden sickle and hammer are depicted, and above them is a red five-pointed star with a golden border. The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 1:2. On April 29, 1981, a regulation provided a more detailed description of the flag. It specified the placement and proportions of the hammer, sickle, and star: The hammer and sickle were placed within a square, the side of which equaled one-fifth of the flag's width. The sharp end of the sickle pointed upward, with the handles facing downward. The hammer's length measured three-quarters of the square's diagonal. A five-pointed star with a diameter of one-tenth of the flag's width was drawn within a circle at the square's upper edge. The symbols were positioned near the flagpole, with precise distances calculated to maintain symmetry and visual balance. The red and blue design highlighted the republic's place within the Soviet Union while emphasizing its distinct national identity. Both flags encapsulated the ideology and aspirations of the USSR, symbolizing unity, revolution, and the vision of a communist society. Their intricate designs reflected the importance placed on symbolism in Soviet statecraft. FAQ Soviet Flag vs. Communist Flag The Soviet flag is one of the most prominent examples of a communist flag, but the two terms are not entirely interchangeable. Communist flag generally refers to any flag associated with communism, including the hammer and sickle emblem used by various communist movements and parties worldwide. The Soviet flag specifically refers to the state flag of the USSR, which prominently featured the hammer and sickle along with a red five-pointed star. Gallery You May Also Like Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Guide in Armenia

While on an exploration mission in the Syunik region with G. Mattu, we decided to explore this shoe factory as well. It had a guard, probably living nearby, whom we managed to convince to let us in, and he kindly showed us around. < Back Exploring an abandoned shoe factory in Armenia While on an exploration mission in the Syunik region with G. Mattu, we decided to explore this shoe factory as well. It had a guard, probably living nearby, whom we managed to convince to let us in, and he kindly showed us around. Not much information is available about this shoe factory, but the man told us that it ceased operations in the 2000s. During the Soviet era, it produced some of the finest shoes in Armenia, which were later distributed throughout the Soviet Union. Me in the library of the abandoned shoe factory! Like any other factories this one also had a library and a meeting hall! Judging by the design and quality of the remaining shoes, I got the impression that they were indeed of high quality. If the factory had continued operating into modern days, it could have further improved the quality and enhanced the design. The shelves were full of shoe samples! Unfortunately, like hundreds of other factories from the Soviet period in Armenia, it now lies in ruins. I’m Suren, a professional urban explorer in Armenia. I offer unique urbex tours to abandoned, hidden, and off-the-map places you won’t find in guidebooks. Want a custom itinerary? Contact me on WhatsApp or Telegram . Project Gallery You May Also Like Inside the Eerie Corridors of an Abandoned Russian Fortress Soviet Bus Stops in Armenia Urbex Tours in Armenia – Photo Gallery The 53 cm Schmidt Telescope at Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory Exploring an Abandoned Rest House with Impressive Bas-Reliefs A Spaceship on Earth: The Soviet-Armenian Echo of the Futuro House Destroyed Soviet Mosaics and Frescoes in Armenia The Chayka Monument That Angered Nikita Khrushchev During His 1961 Visit to Armenia Previous Next

A tourist guide to Martiros Saryan Park in Yerevan. Those who want to take a stroll through the heart of Armenia's capital and buy a painting this is an excellent destination. Who knows, perhaps one of those paintings will adorn your home's walls, creating lasting and delightful memories. < Back A Tourist Guide to Martiros Saryan Park A tourist guide to Martiros Saryan Park in Yerevan. Those who want to take a stroll through the heart of Armenia's capital and buy a painting this is an excellent destination. Who knows, perhaps one of those paintings will adorn your home's walls, creating lasting and delightful memories. Martiros Saryan Park is located in the Kentron community of Yerevan, between Mashtots, Marshal Baghramyan avenues and Stepan Zoryan street, next to France square. At the heart of this park stands a remarkable marble statue of Martiros Saryan, crafted by sculptor Levon Tokmajyan and architect Artur Tarkhanyan in 1986. Marble statue of Martiros Saryan Noteworthy monuments within the park include the "Erebuni-Yerevan" ("Tree of Life") sculpture, a creation of sculptor Hakob Piliposyan and architect Fenix Darbinyan in 1970, as well as the ensemble of statues titled "Men" by sculptor Davit Minasyan, added in 2007. Tree of Life sculpture, a creation of sculptor Hakob Piliposyan and architect Fenix Darbinyan (1970) These artistic elements contribute to the park's vibrant atmosphere, making it a cultural and recreational hub in the heart of Yerevan. Paintings on display in Martiros Saryan Park On Saturdays and Sundays, an art exhibition and sale take place in the park. However, on workdays, several artists showcase their works. This captivating display not only draws the attention of locals and tourists but also adds a distinctive charm to the park. The 'Men' statue group: Sculptor: Davit Minasyan The 'Men' statue group, installed in 2007, depicts the heroes from Edmond Keosayan's 1972 film of the same name: Suren (portrayed by actor Mher Mkrtchyan), Vazgen (Azat Sherents), Aram (Avetik Gevorgyan), and Sako (Armen Ayvazyan). This bronze monument, standing at a height of 1.97 meters, features the names of the film's creative team inscribed in Russian on the pedestal, designed in the form of a film strip. Gallery You May Also Like Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Guide in Armenia

In this article, I have selected the best hiking places to visit in Armenia, organized region by region (10 regions). This article is a perfect guide for those seeking quick insights into the top hiking trails. Whether you're looking for easy paths or challenging mountain ascents, Armenia offers something for every outdoor adventurer. From the towering peaks of Mount Aragats to the verdant forests of the Lori Region, Armenia's trails reveal a wealth of hidden treasures—ancient monasteries, imposing fortresses, dramatic gorges, and serene high-altitude lakes. Experience the best of Armenia’s diverse landscapes by joining my guided hiking tours and embark on an unforgettable outdoor adventure through the country's most captivating hiking destinations. < Back Hiking in Armenia - The Best Trails Across 10 Regions In this article, I have selected the best hiking places to visit in Armenia, organized region by region (10 regions). This article is a perfect guide for those seeking quick insights into the top hiking trails. Whether you're looking for easy paths or challenging mountain ascents, Armenia offers something for every outdoor adventurer. From the towering peaks of Mount Aragats to the verdant forests of the Lori Region, Armenia's trails reveal a wealth of hidden treasures—ancient monasteries, imposing fortresses, dramatic gorges, and serene high-altitude lakes. Experience the best of Armenia’s diverse landscapes by joining my guided hiking tours and embark on an unforgettable outdoor adventure through the country's most captivating hiking destinations. I’m Suren, a professional hiking guide in Armenia with over 11 years of experience leading and organizing tours. I guide in English and Russian, and I have an intermediate level of German. I offer private and group hiking, sightseeing, off-roading, and urbex tours throughout Armenia. With more than a decade of experience in the tourism industry, I’ve developed extensive expertise in planning safe and memorable adventures. In this article, I’ll share insights on the most popular hiking destinations across Armenia’s 10 regions, helping travelers discover the country’s breathtaking landscapes and hidden gems. Your outdoor adventure in Armenia starts here. Looking for a guide? Feel free to reach out for a personalized itinerary! The best hikes in Aragatsotn Region, Armenia Mount Aragats Lake Kari and mount Aragats Mount Aragats, the highest peak in Armenia, has four summits (Southern, Northern, Western, and Eastern) and rises to 4,090 meters, offering a variety of trekking routes. The most popular route is the climb to the southern summit from Lake Kari, known for its accessibility and relatively easy ascent. Lake Kari is the highest-altitude lake in Armenia accessible by sedan via an old but well-preserved asphalt road. The 4 summits of mount Aragats are named according to their relative geographic position: Northern —4,090 m (13,420 ft) Highest summit in Armenia Western —3,995 m (13,107 ft) Eastern —3,908 m (12,822 ft) Southern —3,888 m (12,756 ft) The distance from Lake Kari to the summit is 5.5 km, with an elevation gain of 688 meters. For those with some hiking experience, I recommend the Western Summit, especially when the snow is manageable (from mid-May to July, melting snow can hinder movement on the slopes). Although more challenging than the southern summit, the panoramic views make the effort worthwhile. This route is 6.5 km one way, with an 800-meter elevation gain. It's a bit steep, but if you're in good physical shape, you can make it without needing technical skills. On the slopes of mount Aragats For pro hikers, the northern summit offers a more demanding climb with steep paths and slippery slopes during the descent, rewarding you with breathtaking panoramic views of the entire region. You can start you hike either from Gegharot Waterfall (3000m) or from Lake Kari (3200m). From Gegharot waterfall the distance is 6km with an elevation gain of 1090 meters. For the Eastern Summit, you can combine it with an ascent to the Northern Summit—if you still have the energy, of course. However, be cautious, as the main challenge of this summit is falling rocks. The leading climber should always be mindful of those ascending behind. Amberd fortress On the way to Lake Kari (accessible on Sedan), you can explore the ancient Amberd Fortress and make experiments when reaching the fascinating Aragats Gravity Hill . At 3,200 meters, Lake Kari offers a refreshing swim—though the water is cold. Are you ready to take the plunge? Aparan Reservoir Loop Trail On Aparan Reservoir Loop Trail Located just 45 km from Yerevan, the Aparan Reservoir Loop Trail is an ideal hiking destination year-round. In winter, snowshoes are advisable due to deep snow cover. The trail offers two routes: the Big Loop and Small Loop, both winding through picturesque pine forests and alpine meadows. The hike culminates at the historic St. Poghos-Petros Basilica, which is partially submerged for several months each year. On clear days, enjoy stunning views of Mount Aragats and the serene reservoir. This trail provides a scenic and enjoyable hike without being overly strenuous. Lake Kari-Tirinkatar-Amberd Fortress Trail Me in Tirinkatar sacred valley! This trail, while slightly challenging due to its 25 km length, promises a highly rewarding hiking experience. Starting from Lake Kari allows for a primarily downhill trek, taking you past Amberd Lake and through the sacred Tirinkatar Valley before concluding near the Amberd Fortress. In Tirinkatar Valley, you'll encounter the ancient Vishaps or dragon stones, which in 2024 were added in the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List. Vishaps (Armenian word for “Dragon”) are basalt stelaes, standing 2-5 meters tall, are among Armenia’s oldest monuments, distinguished by their unique animal carvings and archaeological significance. This trail seamlessly combines history and nature, offering a deep connection to Armenia’s ancient heritage. Lake Rapi We are almost in Geghadzor village where we will park the car and start the hike to lake Rapi Located at an altitude of 3,000 meters, Lake Rapi is a popular hiking destination in Armenia. It offers stunning views of Mount Aragats, particularly its Northern Summit, which is especially beautiful in June and July when it is still covered in snow. The trail to Lake Rapi begins in the village of Geghadzor (2,217 meters) and is a radial route, covering a total distance of 24 kilometers with an elevation gain of 783 meters. The lake is also a favored spot for off-roading enthusiasts. The best hikes in Ararat Region, Armenia Yeranos mountain The view from the top of mount Yeranos Mount Yeranos is a popular hiking destination in Armenia, attracting outdoor enthusiasts like paragliders, off-road drivers, and hunters. Standing at 1,823 meters, it offers one of Armenia's most stunning landscapes. Located near the northern edge of the Ararat Region, the trail starts close to Norashen village and covers 9 km (one way) with an elevation gain of 756 meters. Hikers are rewarded with breathtaking views of Mount Ararat and the Azat Reservoir, as well as a unique landscape typical of this region, offering rare natural beauty. Azat Reservoir Trail Azat reservoir in winter Azat Reservoir, built in 1976, is located in the Ararat Region of Armenia and is a significant body of water formed by the Azat River. The reservoir has a storage capacity of approximately 70 million cubic meters, playing a vital role in the irrigation of the Ararat Valley, especially during the dry season. The Azat Reservoir trail spans 8 kilometers, offering hikers picturesque views of the surrounding landscape including mount Ararat and mount Yeranos. However, it is advisable to avoid the trail during the peak summer months due to extreme heat conditions, which can make the hike challenging and uncomfortable. Armavir Region While Armavir Region is home to renowned tourist attractions such as the Etchmiadzin Cathedral and the Sardarapat Memorial Complex, it is not widely known for hiking opportunities. For now, I will refrain from recommending any trails. Etchmiadzin Cathedral The best hikes in Gegharkunik Region, Armenia Mount Artanish On the way to mount Artanish Climbing Mount Artanish is one of the best hikes in Armenia, offering stunning views of Lake Sevan. Located 70 km from Yerevan in the Gegharkunik region, the hike starts from the Artist's Union Rest House in Shorzha. The trail is 5 km long (one way) with an elevation gain of 560 meters, making it a moderate challenge for hikers. Standing at 2,460 meters, Mount Artanish is the only peak from which Lake Sevan is entirely visible. After the climb, enjoy a refreshing swim in Sevan’s pristine waters—an unforgettable experience on your tours in Armenia! Mount Armaghan Mount Armaghan, located in the Gegharkunik region of Armenia, lies southwest of Lake Sevan, north of the Argichi River valley, at the intersection of the Geghama and Vardenis mountain ranges. The mountain rises to an elevation of 2,829 meters (9,281 feet). At its summit is a small crater lake, approximately 50 meters in diameter and 1.5 meters deep. Positioned within the Geghama mountain range, the peak is situated in the territory of the Verin Getashen community, about 20 kilometers from Martuni. The hike is considered moderately difficult spanning 8.5 km. The summit offers stunning panoramic views of the Gegham Mountains and Lake Sevan, making it a popular destination for outdoor enthusiasts. Mount Azhdahak A tourist standing at the summit of mount Azhdahak Experience one of the best hikes in Armenia by climbing Mount Azhdahak, the highest summit of the Geghama Mountain Range. Standing at 3,597 meters, this extinct volcano boasts a crater lake, wild landscapes, and traces of ancient petroglyphs. The 5.5 km trail (one way) starts at the foot of Mount Paytasar with an elevation gain of 600 meters, offering moderate difficulty. As you ascend, discover unique flora and fauna and enjoy breathtaking views of Lake Sevan and nearby lakes, making this a must on tours in Armenia! Sevaberd – Lake Akna trail Me hiking around lake Akna Akna Lake, also known as Aknalich, is located at the border of the Kotayk and Gegharkunik provinces of Armenia, near the summit of the Geghama Mountains on the slope of Mount Aknasar. Situated 10 km west of Tsaghkashen village, the lake sits at an altitude of 3,030 meters above sea level and covers an area of 0.5 square kilometers. The lake is primarily fed by snowmelt and natural springs. To reach Akna Lake, hikers typically start from the village of Sevaberd. The trail is a long and challenging 22 km radial route, but the breathtaking views of the surrounding mountains and the pristine lake make the effort worthwhile. The best hiking trails in Kotayk Region Mount Hatis Trail Mount Hatis in winter Mount Hatis is a favored hiking destination among locals, offering a moderately challenging trail with stunning panoramic views of the Kotayk region and Yerevan. Known for its distinctive conical shape and rich historical significance, the mountain attracts hikers year-round. The radial trail stretches 5.6 kilometers one way, leading to a summit elevation of 2,528 meters. Located just 2.5 kilometers from the village of Kaputan, Mount Hatis is also the source of the Karasunak springs, which originate from its southern foothills. Mount Ara Almost at the top of Mount Ara! Mount Aragats and Ara's "nose" create a dramatic backdrop Mount Ara, located on the border of the Kotayk and Aragatsotn regions of Armenia, southeast of Mount Aragats, rises to a height of 2,577 meters. This majestic peak offers not only breathtaking views but also a unique opportunity to explore Armenia's rich biodiversity and geological history. The mountain features a variety of hiking trails, including point-to-point, circular, and out-and-back routes, with an elevation gain of 870 meters over an 11 km hike. Relative to its height, the elevation gain presents a little big challenging hike. For comparison, the southern summit of Mount Aragats requires an 11 km hike with a 688-meter elevation gain. From Tegheniq to Tghit Cyclopean Fortress Aerial view of Tghit cyclopean fortress If you’re looking to step off the map and explore hidden gems of Armenia, the trail to Tghit Cyclopean Fortress is an excellent choice. This ancient fortress, dating back to the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, is situated 2.5 km west of Teghenik village in the Kotayk region, nestled on one of the forested peaks of the Tsaghkunyats mountain range. The hike spans 5 kilometers one way, with an ascent duration of approximately 2.5 to 3 hours. Hikers will gain an altitude of 640 meters, making the journey moderately challenging but rewarding. The trail offers not only a glimpse into Armenia’s rich ancient history but also breathtaking views of the surrounding landscapes, ensuring a memorable experience for adventure enthusiasts. The best hiking trails in Lori Region Odzun – Horomayr – Kobayr Trail Horomayr monastery (the lower complex or Dzoramiji Monastery) The Odzun-Horomayr-Kobayr trail offers an unforgettable experience, showcasing the breathtaking beauty of the Lori Gorge. This 9 km linear trail takes you through a scenic route where you will encounter ancient Armenian churches nestled high among the cliffs. Throughout your hike, you'll be accompanied by the breathtaking views of the Lori Gorge Horomayr Monastery is a stunning medieval complex located 1.5 km southeast of Odzun village in Armenia's Lori region. Built in the 12th and 13th centuries, it comprises two distinct groups of monuments. The lower Horomayr complex is situated on the Debed River's left bank, under a hanging rock, while the upper Horomayr complex, also known as Dzoraezri Monastery, is perched on the valley's edge. The upper complex is also known as Dzoraezri Monastery, and the lower group of monuments was historically referred to as Surb Nshan or Dzoramiji Monastery. Kobayr Monastery Kobayr Monastery, situated near the town of Tumanyan, dates back to the 12th century. This complex includes several medieval churches and is known for its beautiful frescoes and the serene natural surroundings. The monastery was an important cultural and educational center in medieval Armenia. Kayan Fortress Trail Kayan Berd (meaning fortress in Armenia) is a historic fortress located in the Lori province of Northern Armenia. Positioned strategically between the Haghpat and Sanahin monasteries, Kayan Berd is built at the edge of a ridge between two canyons overlooking the Debed River. Kayan Berd extends approximately 120 meters in length and features 15 semi-circular defense towers. Kayan Fortress The fortress is divided into two parts, the upper and lower sections, which are connected by a staircase-like inner gate. Within the territory of the fortress lies the Dsevank Monastery, which the historian Arakel Davrizhetsi refers to as “Tes yev ants” (“See and pass by”). The hike to the fortress is about 1.5 km one way and takes around an hour to reach. The hike can be also combined with Haghpat to Sanahin trail. From Haghpat to Sanahin Haghpat Monastery Haghpat and Sanahin Monasteries, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites, are located in Armenia's Lori Province. Dating back to the 10th-13th centuries, these medieval complexes are renowned for their unique Armenian architecture, intricate stone carvings, and cultural significance, reflecting the flourishing religious and academic life of medieval Armenia. Located in adjacent villages, you can hike from one site to the other. The 11 km trail, taking approximately 4 hours, offers picturesque landscapes of Armenia’s Lori region. During my hikes, we typically start from Haghpat. The best hikes in Shirak Region Mantash Waterfall Trail Mantash waterfall The Mantash Waterfall Trail, a hidden gem in the Shirak region of Armenia, offers a captivating hike through wild and untouched landscapes, culminating at a serene waterfall where hikers can unwind and enjoy the tranquil surroundings. Located 16 km southwest of Mets Mantash village on a right tributary of the Mantash River, this natural monument is officially recognized on the list of state natural monuments by the Ministry of Nature Protection of Armenia. The 14 km trail begins at Lake Kari, providing an immersive experience in Armenia’s pristine wilderness. Trchkan waterfall The trail to Trchkan Waterfall is relatively easy and suitable for hikers of all levels, making it an accessible destination. Trchkan is also popular for off-road adventures. The surrounding area is ideal for picnics and enjoying the natural scenery. The Sarapat-Trchkan trail is approximately 7 km one way and offers a scenic hike to the waterfall, even during winter, when visitors can witness the stunning frozen waterfall. Located on the border of Armenia’s Shirak and Lori provinces along the Chichkhan River, a left tributary of the Pambak River, Trchkan is the highest and most voluminous waterfall in Armenia, standing at 23.5 meters with an average water flow of about 1.5 tons per second. The best hiking trails in Syunik Region Tatev Monastery – Tatev Desert Trail The Big Desert of Tatev One of the most popular trails in Syunik, the route from Tatev Monastery to the Tatev Desert offers a breathtaking descent into the deep gorge. Starting at Tatev Monastery, you can finish the hike at Satan’s Bridge. This easy trail stretches for 6 km and can also be done as a radial route, starting and ending at Satan’s Bridge. Khot - Shinuhayr Trail Me in Hin (Old) Khot The trail starts in the village of Khot and leads to two abandoned villages—Hin Khot and Hin Shinuhayr—before continuing to the village of Shinuhayr. This 7.5 km trail will leave a lasting impression as you explore villages often referred to as the Armenian Machu Picchu. Lichq-Tsaghkar lake Trail This trail features stunning mountain scenery, with a 16 km radial hiking route offering some of the best views in Armenia. The lake is located in the Katar region of the Zangezur Mountains, 8 km southwest of Kajaran, at an altitude of 3,270 meters above sea level, covering an area of 3 hectares. Khustup Mountain Trail Khustup is a prominent mountain peak located in the eastern part of the Syunik Province in Armenia, approximately 10 km southwest of Kapan, within the Khustup-Katari Mountain Range. Standing at 3,201 meters, Khustup Mountain is a popular destination for experienced hikers seeking a challenging climb. The 14 km radial route offers breathtaking views of the Syunik region, particularly stunning in spring and up to midst summer when the slopes are adorned with vibrant wildflowers. The best hiking trails in Tavush Region Lastiver and Okon Monastery Trail The famous "Lastiver Cave" decorated with impressive bas-reliefs! The Lastiver Trail guides hikers through one of Armenia's most captivating forests, renowned for its lush greenery, cascading waterfalls, and ancient caves adorned with historical carvings. The trail to Lastiver spans 7 km, but for those wishing to visit the Okon Monastery, an additional 10 km must be added to the hike. The 17 km route culminates at Okon Monastery, a significant cultural landmark that offers a glimpse into Armenia’s rich monastic heritage. Okon monastery in autumn Situated in the Khachaghbyur Gorge near Yenokavan village in the Tavush region, the church dates back to 1863, and in front of it stands a winged khachkar (cross-stone) from the 12th-13th centuries. This scenic trail is accessible year-round, making it a perfect blend of nature and history. Matosavank - Jukhtak Loop Aerial photo of Matosavank monastery Matosavank - Jukhtak Loop, situated in Dilijan National Park, Tavush, is an easy 4.5 km trail. The path takes you to the 13th-century Jukhtak Monastery and then proceeds to Matosavank, another 13th-century monastery. The trail winds through dense forests, offering fresh air and a quick nature walk for those seeking a relaxing stroll. It will take you like 2 hours to complete. Mount Apakeqar Mount Apakeqar as seen from Dimats Trail Apakeqar is a mountain peak located in the Tavush Province of Armenia, in the southwestern section of the Ijevan mountain range, northeast of Haghartsin village and 1.5 km east of Hovk village, standing at an elevation of 1,651 meters. The 12 km linear hike begins in Hovk village and concludes in Haghartsin village, offering spectacular views, especially from the Haghartsin side. Despite its rugged appearance, the rocky summit is relatively accessible, making it an inviting challenge for hikers. Mount Dimats Embark on a guided hiking tour to Mount Dimats, a prominent peak in Armenia’s Tavush Region. This challenging 8.5 km (one way) linear trail, starting and ending at Teghut village, ascends 1,260 meters, offering spectacular views of Shaghot Waterfall and dramatic cliffs. The hike, which takes around 7.5 hours , is renowned for its scenic beauty and rewarding vistas. From Lake Parz to Goshavank Lake Parz in Dilijan National Park The Parz Lake to Gosh Village hike offers a moderately easy and scenic trail within Armenia's Dilijan National Park. This 6.3 km point-to-point route, taking about 2.5 hours, ascends 230 meters and descends 340 meters. Hikers will enjoy vibrant wildflowers and diverse bird species. The trail starts at Parz Lake and ends near the historic Goshavank Monastery, providing a refreshing escape with stunning natural beauty throughout the year. Those eager to hike more can continue their hike and reach Gosh lake. The best hiking trails in Vayots Dzor Region The Spitakavor Monastery trail is a 9 km route located in the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia. Starting from Vernashen village (you can park your car near Gladzor University Museum and start your hike from there), the trail leads to the 14th-century Spitakavor Monastery. Exploring Spitakavor monastery Spitakavor Monastery is also the final resting place of Armenian national hero, military leader, and political figure Garegin Nzhdeh. In 1983, Nzhdeh’s remains were secretly transferred from a cemetery in Vladimir, Russia, to Armenia with the help of his brother and a photograph of his grave. The monastery complex was restored in the 1960s-70s and again in 2006. Smbataberd – Tsaghats Kar – Zorats Monastery trail The Smbataberd – Tsaghats Kar – Zorats Monastery hike is a 10.5 km route, perfect for those keen to explore Armenia's rich cultural heritage. This moderate 5-hour trek leads through diverse terrain, featuring the 5th-century Smbataberd fortress, attributed to Syunyat prince Smbat. The route includes the enigmatic Tsaghats Kar Monastic Complex, with its two distinct groups of structures separated by 200 meters, including the 10th-century Surb Karapet and 989-built Surb Hovhannes churches. The hike concludes in the historic village of Yeghegis near Zorats Monastery, built in 1303 by the Orbelian princes. With a 600-meter altitude gain, this trail offers an enriching blend of nature and history. Gallery You May Also Like Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Guide in Armenia

This is the remarkable story of Ivo Zdarsky, an aircraft designer who gained fame for escaping from Czechoslovakia on a homemade ultralight aircraft. This article sheds light on his courageous journey to freedom. < Back Ivo Zdarsky – The Man Who Escaped The Iron Curtain This is the remarkable story of Ivo Zdarsky, an aircraft designer who gained fame for escaping from Czechoslovakia on a homemade ultralight aircraft. This article sheds light on his courageous journey to freedom. Ivo Zdarsky, born in communist Czechoslovakia in 1960, started building self-designed hang gliders in his teenage years. He studied at the aircraft engineering department, developed propellers, and sought to flee Czechoslovakia, where legal exit was prohibited by the communist regime. Educated and professionally trained as an aviation engineer in Prague, he made the decision to escape to one of the capitalist countries. Zdarsky is taking a flight on a hang glider in Czechoslovakia. Photo credits: Ivo Zdarsky To accomplish his escape, Zdarsky constructed a homemade trike, equipping it with an engine from a Trabant car and a propeller of his own design. On the night of August 4, 1984, he flew to Vienna-Schwechat airport in Austria. During takeoff, a rock hit one of the blades, but the propeller held together, thanks to not being made of wood. Flying above the trees toward a border radar station, he pushed the engine to full power directly above the station, climbing into the radar’s cone-shaped blind spot and gliding swiftly across the Danube River to safety in Austrian airspace. His only worry was that the Trabant engine might quit, as it was known for its unreliability. Fortunately, on that night, it worked like a charm. “It was a nice, beautiful, warm night in August,” Zdarsky recalls. “There were stars everywhere. I remember I was using the Big Dipper so I could do celestial navigation if my compass would fail.” Ivo Zdarsky in Austria, in front of his self made hang glider on which he escaped. Photo Credits: Ivo Zdarsky Describing that historic moment of his life, Ivo says, “That night of August 4, 1984, I wanted to leave (Czechoslovakia) at 3 a.m. because that is when people were least active. So I ended up flying over Vienna for two hours like a tourist then went looking for the international airport. I circled the tower twice, but there was nobody in the tower! Ha ha! It was still dark then – this is the fun part – I saw a 747 being towed along a taxiway. There was a little bit of light there, so I landed beneath the wing of this Boeing. Enough room for two trikes! Besides, mine didn’t have a pole or wires on top but was strut-braced… something from having to keep a low profile when flying below electric lines. Anyway, a mechanic came running out, yelling. I raised my hands with an expired Czech passport and asked for political asylum. Then they were really nice to me…” After only six weeks as a political refugee in Austria, he sold his trike to the museum at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin and moved to Long Beach, California, where he founded a propeller-manufacturing company in 1986. Zdarsky and his trike after landing in Vienna. Photo Credts: Ivo Zdarsky His company started to produce propellers called Ivopropruen, used on small aircraft, hang gliders, and new experimental models. Ivo also started to develop an ultra-light aircraft, which is a combination of an airplane and a helicopter. Today, the entrepreneur’s home is located more than 320 kilometers from the nearest settlements, and the nearest store - the city of Ogden is a 45-minute flight. Ivo has two aircraft, one of which is an experimental hybrid - a helicopter and an airplane, combined in one version. Ivo Zdarsky became the first person to successfully fly a homebuilt aircraft over the Iron Curtain to freedom! Earlier, I wrote an article about Armenian daredevils whose escape attempt failed, as their self-made aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff. Zdarsky is an inspiring example of someone who followed his dreams despite all the obstacles and challenges he faced. He is also a testament to human ingenuity and creativity. His story is one of courage, perseverance, and adventure. Gallery You May Also Like Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Guide in Armenia

Mount Azhdahak, standing at 3,597 meters, is the highest peak of the Geghama Mountain Range and one of Armenia’s most popular hiking destinations. This extinct volcano, located in the heart of the country, offers an unforgettable hiking experience with breathtaking landscapes. On a clear day from the summit, hikers can enjoy panoramic views of Lake Sevan, Mount Ararat, Mount Aragats, Mount Ara, and more. This guide provides essential details on how to climb Azhdahak and explore the stunning trails of the Geghama Mountains. < Back Hiking Guide to Climbing Mount Azhdahak Mount Azhdahak, standing at 3,597 meters, is the highest peak of the Geghama Mountain Range and one of Armenia’s most popular hiking destinations. This extinct volcano, located in the heart of the country, offers an unforgettable hiking experience with breathtaking landscapes. On a clear day from the summit, hikers can enjoy panoramic views of Lake Sevan, Mount Ararat, Mount Aragats, Mount Ara, and more. This guide provides essential details on how to climb Azhdahak and explore the stunning trails of the Geghama Mountains. I'm Suren, a professional tour guide in Armenia who has been exploring the country's stunning landscapes since 2014. Many travelers prefer guides who provide their own transportation. I drive a reliable Mitsubishi Pajero 4, well suited for Armenia’s rugged terrain and off-road routes. (See the photo and more details below.) After camping on the shore of Lake Nazeli, the next day I drove my Pajero all the way to the foot of Mount Azhdahak, leaving less than an hour’s hike to the summit. We then started our hike. Over the years, I’ve guided groups on a wide range of trips — from easy hiking trails in Armenia to demanding mountain summits, remote off-road adventures, and explorations of abandoned places. My strong local knowledge and hands-on experience make me a solid choice for anyone interested in hiking in Armenia or discovering hidden gems such as ancient volcanoes, crater lakes and waterfalls. As for Mount Azhdahak, it deserves a special mention — it’s the most requested destination among my guests, and I know it like the back of my hand. In this comprehensive article, I'll share practical and useful advice on how to climb Mount Azhdahak. About the Geghama Mountains and Azhdahak The Geghama Mountains, also known as the Geghama Ridge, extend between Lake Sevan and the Ararat Plain, covering a length of 70 km and a width of 48 km. The range's average elevation is approximately 2,500 meters, with Azhdahak as its highest peak at 3,597 meters. A group photo at the top of mount Azhdahak Azhdahak features a stunning crater lake at its summit, formed by melting snow, creating a mesmerizing sight, particularly in summer when snow patches linger on the slopes. Another notable crater lake is located on the nearby Tar (Red Ridge) volcano. The second-highest peak of the range is Spitakasar, at 3,560 meters above sea level. Aerial photo of mount Azhdahak Climb Mount Azhdahak. Route 1 or The Classical Route The most common route to Mount Azhdahak begins in Geghard village, but don’t rush—off-road terrain starts here, leading up to the foot of Mount Paytasar. If you're not in peak physical condition, it's best to drive as close as possible to Azhdahak to minimize the hiking distance. However, keep in mind that beyond Paytasar, the road can become slippery and treacherous in rainy weather, making the route particularly hazardous in wet conditions. Distance from Yerevan (Republic Square) to Geghard Village: 37 km (~1-hour drive) Off-road Distance: 14 km (requiring a high-clearance 4WD vehicle) Starting Point: Foot of Mount Paytasar Trail Length: 5.5 km (one way) Elevation Gain: 600 meters Difficulty: Moderate As you hike around Lake Akna, it provides a fantastic backdrop From the trailhead, the ascent leads hikers through breathtaking landscapes filled with unique flora and fauna. On a clear day, the summit of Azhdahak unveils a majestic panorama—not only of Lake Sevan but also of the surrounding mountains, including the distant peak of Mount Aragats. The route is an out-and-back trail. After the hike you can explore ancient Armenian petroglyphs scattered near mount Paytasar. An optional off-road journey can take visitors to Dragon Lake, home to ancient Vishaps (Dragon Stones). Alternative Routes to Mount Azhdahak Route 2: Via Lake Akna Another starting point for climbing Azhdahak is Lake Akna, offering a longer and more challenging ascent. To take this route, you first need to reach Sevaberd village, where the off-road journey begins, leading up to Lake Akna. The advantage of this approach over the Paytasar route is the opportunity to witness the stunning beauty of Lake Akna along the way. However, the trade-off is a significantly longer hike—at least 4.5 km more. I typically choose this route for multi-day trekking adventures. Distance from Yerevan to Sevaberd village: 35 km (~1-hour drive) Off-road Distance to Lake Akna: 11 km (requires a 4WD) Starting Elevation: 3,030 meters Hiking Distance: 10 km (one way) Camping Option: Stay overnight at Lake Nazeli (3,100 meters, 5 km from the summit) This route requires careful planning, especially if hikers do not have a dedicated driver, as returning to the starting point will involve a long trek back. As you hike along the crater of Mount Azhdahak, breathtaking views unfold before you. In the distance, you can see Aragats, Armenia’s highest peak. Route 3: Via Lake Nazeli For a more direct yet challenging approach, hikers can start from Lake Nazeli (3,100 m). The journey begins with a drive to Geghard village, where the off-road adventure starts. From there, you have two route options: Take the direct path to Mount Paytasar, then continue past the mountain toward Vishapasar and Lake Nazeli. First, reach Dragon Lake, then follow the route leading to Lake Nazeli. Camping on the shore of lake Nazeli Once you reach the shore of Lake Nazeli, it’s highly recommended to spend the night there. Use that day for acclimatization and to stretch your legs with an ascent of Mount Spitakasar (the White Mountain) — a rewarding experience on its own. By the following day, you’ll be well prepared to take on Azhdahak. Distance from Yerevan to Geghard village: 37 km (~1-hour drive) Off-road Distance to Lake Nazeli: ~20 km (high-clearance 4WD needed) Hiking Distance: 5 km (one way) Hiking Time: ~2.5 hours Lake Nazeli, as seen from the nearby cliffs The off-road journey to Lake Nazeli is demanding, especially beyond Mount Vishapasar, where rugged, rocky sections make the drive challenging. However, the lake itself is a breathtaking destination well worth the effort. Aerial photo of mount Azhdahak By the way, when off-roading to Azhdahak, you won’t have to worry about getting stuck— the terrain is rocky rather than muddy or clay-rich, which can easily trap vehicles. Alternatively if you are with a driver you can start your hike from the foot of Mount Paytasar and descend to Lake Nazeli. Recommended 3-Day Trekking Itinerary For those who want a more immersive experience in the Geghama Mountains, a three-day trek is ideal: Day 1: Visit Lake Akna, climb Mount Aknasar, and camp on the lake’s shore. Day 2: Climb Mount Azhdahak, descend to Lake Nazeli, and camp overnight. Day 3: Climb Mount Nazeli (3,312 m), visit Dragon Lake, and return to Yerevan. On the way back, visit Geghard Monastery, Garni Temple, and the Symphony of Stones, a remarkable natural basalt formation. On the shore of lake Nazeli Essential Tips for Hikers Physical Preparation: While no technical climbing skills are required, a good fitness level is essential due to the altitude and rugged terrain. Weather Considerations: The Geghama Range has unpredictable weather. Layered clothing, a poncho, a windproof jacket, and sun protection are highly recommended. Navigation: The trails are not marked. A GPS device or hiring a local guide can ensure a safe and enjoyable experience. Respect for Nature: The region is home to diverse flora and fauna, including mountain foxes and rare birds. Hikers should follow Leave No Trace principles to preserve the environment. Locals: During the warm season, the Geghama Mountains are inhabited by shepherds, primarily Yazidis, a national minority in Armenia known for their hospitality. They always appreciate a warm greeting. However, Yazidi women are generally unaccustomed to cameras, so it is advisable to ask for permission before taking their photo. Took this photo of Yazidi shepherd Mirza while he was demonstrating his rearing skills Whether you choose a single-day climb or an extended trek, Mount Azhdahak and the Geghama Mountains promise an unforgettable adventure through Armenia’s breathtaking volcanic landscapes. Remember, your hikes in Armenia won’t be complete unless you’ve climbed Mount Azhdahak! For a private guided hike to Mount Azhdahak, feel free to contact me on WhatsApp or Telegram . 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Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity in 301 AD, and since then, religion has played a significant role in shaping the country's culture and history. This article aims to provide brief information about religion in Armenia for those who want to get quick insights! < Back Religion in Armenia Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity in 301 AD, and since then, religion has played a significant role in shaping the country's culture and history. This article aims to provide brief information about religion in Armenia for those who want to get quick insights! Religion in Armenia: A Brief Overview Armenia has a rich history, culture, and identity, with religion being a crucial aspect. Let's explore the main features of religion in Armenia, its history, and its role in society. The majority of Armenians, around 97%, are Christians belonging to the Armenian Apostolic Church—one of the world's oldest Christian churches, founded in the 1st century AD by apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus, who preached Christianity to Armenia in the 1st century AD. It is part of the Oriental Orthodox communion, which means it does not accept the Council of Chalcedon (451) that defined the doctrine of two natures in one person in Christ. Instead, it holds to a belief called miaphysitism, which affirms that Christ has one divine and one human nature. Christ depicted in a fresco at Kobayr Monastery Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity as its official state religion in 301 AD, when King Tiridates III converted to Christianity under the influence of St. Gregory the Illuminator. The Armenian Apostolic Church has its spiritual center at Etchmiadzin Cathedral, where the Catholicos (the supreme leader) resides. The current Catholicos is Garegin II. Etchmiadzin Cathedral The Armenian Apostolic Church has a rich and diverse liturgy, culture, and history. It uses an ancient alphabet invented by Mesrop Mashtots in the 5th century AD. It also has many translations of the scriptures into Armenian from various languages. The Armenian Apostolic Church celebrates a vibrant calendar of festivals and holidays throughout the year, reflecting its rich history, traditions, and deep faith. Here are some highlights: Christmas (January 6): Celebrated with Nativity liturgies, candlelit processions, and family gatherings. Easter (Variable Date): A joyous celebration with church services, traditional meals, and festive egg painting. Transfiguration of Jesus (Variable Date): Celebrated with the Vardavar Water Festival, involving joyful water-splashing and community gatherings. Assumption of the Holy Mother of God (August 15): Marked with grape blessing ceremonies and special feasts. Feast of St. Sargis (February 14): Celebrated as Lovers' Day, with romantic traditions and special church services. Trndez (February 21): A bonfire festival symbolizing purification, with young people jumping over flames. Feast of St. Gregory the Illuminator (September 30): Honors the founder of the Armenian Church, with special liturgies and festivities. Feast of the Holy Translators (October 1): Celebrates the translators of the Bible into Armenian, with church services and cultural events. Khor Virap Monastic Complex Religious Diversity in Armenia While most Armenians are Apostolic Christians, there are also other Christian denominations in the country, such as Eastern Orthodox, Catholic (both Armenian and Latin), Protestant, Jehovah’s Witness, Assyrian Church of the East (Nestorian), and more. These groups have their own churches and communities. The largest non-Christian group is the Yazidis, constituting about 1% of Armenia's population. Primarily residing in the western part of the country, many Yazidis arrived in Armenia during the 19th and early 20th centuries to escape religious persecution. Yazidis and Armenians share strong relations, and the world's largest Yazidi temple is located in the small village of Aknalich. The world's largest Yazidi temple in Aknalich village Religion's Influence on Armenian Life Religion has played a vital role in shaping Armenia's national identity, culture, politics, and society. It has inspired various artistic expressions, including literature, music, painting, architecture, and festivals. Much like elsewhere, religion in Armenia acts as a connective thread for human interaction. Places of worship aren't just for spiritual devotion but also serve as communal hubs where people gather to celebrate, mourn, and support each other. The church, especially, acts as a unifying force, emphasizing shared values and a collective sense of identity. The entrance to Genocide Museum Challenges and Resilience Armenian religious life has faced challenges, including the Armenian Genocide and political upheavals. However, the resilience of the Armenian people is evident in their ability to adapt, preserve, and draw strength from their religious heritage. In conclusion, religion in Armenia is not just a set of beliefs; it's a dynamic force that weaves through the fabric of daily life, connecting people, shaping traditions, and contributing to the nation's enduring spirit. Gallery You May Also Like Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Guide in Armenia

This brief article is an excerpt from Thomas Wright's book, "The Travels of Marco Polo The Venetian." In the chapters presented below, Marco Polo shares insights about Armenia. The author includes useful footnotes that clarify many archaic names of Armenian locations. < Back Marco Polo about Armenia This brief article is an excerpt from Thomas Wright's book, "The Travels of Marco Polo The Venetian." In the chapters presented below, Marco Polo shares insights about Armenia. The author includes useful footnotes that clarify many archaic names of Armenian locations. Marco Polo, a renowned Venetian merchant and explorer of the 13th century, embarked on a journey from Europe to Asia. Spending 17 years in China, he served as an envoy and diplomat for Kublai Khan, the Mongol emperor. Polo documented his extensive travels in a book titled "The Travels of Marco Polo," offering detailed accounts of his experiences, observations, and insights into the culture, geography, politics, and economy of China and other lands. His influential work inspired subsequent travelers and explorers, including Christopher Columbus. Intrigued by Polo's perspective on Armenia, this blog post features an extract from his book (The Travels Of Marco Polo The Venetian by Thomas Wright). Mosaic of Marco Polo displayed in the Palazzo Doria-Tursi, Genoa, Italy Chapter II. Of Armenia Minor—Of the Port of Laiassus—And of the Boundaries of the Province. IN commencing the description of the countries which Marco Polo visited in Asia, and of things worthy of notice which he observed therein, it is proper to mention that we are to distinguish two Armenias, the Lesser and the Greater. 1 The king of the Lesser Armenia dwells in a city called Sebastoz, 2 and rules his dominions with strict regard to justice. The towns, fortified places, and castles are numerous. There is abundance of all necessaries of life, as well as of those things which contribute to its comfort. Game, both of beasts and birds, is in plenty. It must be said, however, that the air of the country is not remarkably healthy. In former times its gentry were esteemed expert and brave soldiers; but at the present day they are great drinkers, pusillanimous, and worthless. On the sea−coast there is a city named Laiassus, 3 a place of considerable traffic. Its port is frequented by merchants from Venice, Genoa, and many other places, who trade in spiceries and drugs of different sorts, manufactures of silk and of wool, and other rich commodities. Those persons who design to travel into the interior of the Levant, 4 usually proceed in the first instance to this port of Laiassus. The boundaries of the Lesser Armenia are, on the south, the Land of Promise, now occupied by the Saracens; 5 on the north, Karamania, inhabited by Turkomans; towards the north−east lie the cities of Kaisariah, Sevasta, 6 and many others subject to the Tartars; and on the western side it is bounded by the sea, which extends to the shores of Christendom. 1 This distinction of the Armenias into the Greater and the Lesser, is conformable to what we find in Ptolemy and the geographers of the middle ages; although other divisions have taken place since that part of Asia has been subject to the Ottoman empire. The Les en Armenia is defined by Büsching as comprehending that part of Cappadocia and Cilicia which lies along the western side of the Greater Armenia, and also on the western side of the Euphrates. That in the days of Haiton it extended south of Taurus, and included Cilicia (campestris), which was not the case in more ancient times, we have the unexceptionable authority of that historian. 2 As it appears from the passage quoted in the preceding note, as well as from other authorities, that Sîs was the capital of the Lesser Armenia during the reigns of the Leons and Haitons, we are led to suppose the Sebastoz here mentioned to have been the ancient name of that city, or of one that stood on the same site. It is obvious, indeed, from the geography of Ptolemy, that there were many places in Asia Minor that bore the names of Sebastia, Sebaste, and Sebastopolis (besides one in Syria), and in his enumeration of the towns of Cilicia, we find a Sebaste, to which, in the Latin translation, published at Venice in 1562, the epithet of “augusta” is annexed. Upon the foundations of this, Leon I. (from whom the country is called by the Arabians, Belad Leon, as well as Belad Sîs), may have built the modern city, and the Greek name may have been still prevalent. We are told, however, that the city which preceded Sis, as the capital of Armenia Minor, was named Messis, Massis, or Massissa, the ancient Mopsuestia, and it must be confessed that if authority was not in opposition to conjecture, the sound of these names might lead us to suppose that the modern name was only an abbreviation of Mes−sis, and Sebastoz a substitution for Mopsueste. In a subsequent part of the chapter the city of Sevasta or Sevaste, the modern Siwas or Sivas, is spoken of under circumstances that appear to distinguish it entirely from the Armenian capital; having been recently conquered by the Moghuls from the Seljuk princes. 3 Lajazzo, or Aïas, is situated in a low, morassy country, formed by the alluvion of the two rivers Sihon and Jihon (of Cilicia), and (as observed to me by Major Rennell) at the present mouth of the latter. Its trade has been transferred to Alexandretta or Scanderoon, on the opposite or Syrian side of the gulf. 4 Levant is a translation of the word Anatolia or Anadoli, from the Greek “ortus, oriens,” signifying the country that lies eastward from Greece. As the name of a region therefore it should be equivalent to Natolia, in its more extensive acceptation; and it is evident that our author employs it to denote Asia Minor. Smyrna is at present esteemed the principal port in the Levant, and the term seems to be now confined to the sea−coast and to mercantile usage. 5 For the Land of Promise, or Palestine, which extends no further to the north than Tyre, is here to be understood Syria, or that part of it called Cælo−Syria, which borders on Cilicia or the southern part of Armenia Minor. As the more general denomination of Syria includes Palestine, and the latter name was, in the time of the Crusades, more familiar to Europeans than the former, it is not surprising that they should sometimes be confounded. The Saracens here spoken of were the subjects of the Mameluk sultans or soldans of Egypt, who recovered from the Christian powers in Syria, what the princes of the family of Saladin, or of the Ayubite dynasty, had lost. In other parts of the work the term is employed indiscriminately with that of Mahometan. 6 The Turkomans of Karamania were a race of Tartars settled in Asia Minor, under the government of the Seljuk princes, of whom an account will be found in the following note. Kaisariah or Cæsarea, and Sevasta or Sebaste, the Sebastopolis Cappadociæ of Ptolemy and Siwas or Sivas of the present day, were cities belonging to the same dynasty, that had been conquered by the Moghuls in the year 1242. Chapter III. Of the Province called Turkomania, where are the Cities of Kogni, Kaisariah, and Sevasta, and of its Commerce. THE inhabitants of Turkomania 1 may be distinguished into three classes. The Turkomans, who reverence Mahomet and follow his law, are a rude people, and dull of intellect. They dwell amongst the mountains and in places difficult of access, where their object is to find good pasture for their cattle, as they live entirely upon animal food. There is here an excellent breed of horses which has the appellation of Turki, and fine mules which are sold at high prices. 2 The other classes are Greeks and Armenians, who reside in the cities and fortified places, and gain their living by commerce and manufacture. The best and handsomest carpets in the world are wrought here, and also silks of crimson and other rich colours. 3 Amongst its cities are those of Kogni, Kaisariah, and Sevasta, in which last Saint Blaise obtained the glorious crown of martyrdom. 4 They are all subject to the great khan, emperor of the Oriental Tartars, who appoints governors to them. 5 We shall now speak of the Greater Armenia. 1 By Turkomania we are to understand, generally, the possessions of the great Seljuk dynasty in Asia Minor, extending from Cilicia and Pamphylia, in the south, to the shores of the Euxine sea, and from Pisidia and Mysia, in the west, to the borders of Armenia Minor; including the greater part of Phrygia and Cappadocia, together with Pontus, and particularly the modern provinces of Karamania and Rumiyah, or the country of Rûm. Of the former of these, the capital. was Iconium, corrupted by the oriental writers to Kuniyah, and by those of the Crusades to Kogni; of the latter, Sebaste or Sebastopolis, corrupted to Siwas or Sivas. The chief from whom the dynasty of Seljuks derived its appellation, was by birth a Turkoman, of Turkistan, on the north−eastern side of the river Sihon or Jaxartes, but in the service of a prince of Khozar, on the Wolga, from which he fled and pursued his fortune in Transoxiana; as did some of his family in Khorasan. Having acquired great celebrity, they were at length enabled, by the means of numerous tribes of Turkomans who joined their standard, to establish a sovereignty, or, in point of extent, an empire, the principal seat of which was in Persia. Another branch, about the year 1080, wrested the fine provinces of Asia Minor from the Greek emperors, and formed the kingdom of which we are now speaking. Through its territory the Christian princes repeatedly forced their way in their progress to the Holy Land, and it is computed by historians that not fewer than six hundred thousand men perished in this preliminary warfare. At length the power of the Seljuks yielded to the overwhelming influence of the house of Jengiz−khan, and in our author's time they were reduced to insignificance; but from their ruins sprang the empire of the Ottomans, the founder of which had been in the service of one of the last sultans of Iconium. 2 The pastoral habits of the Turkoman Tartars are preserved to this day, even in Asia Minor, and the distinction of their tribes subsists also. The Turki breed of horses is esteemed throughout the East, for spirit and hardiness. 3 “Et ibi fiunt soriani et tapeti pulchriores de mundo et pulchrioris coloris" are the words of the Latin text. 4 “Blaise, bishop of Sebasta, in Cappadocia, in the second and third centuries,” says the Biographical Dictionary, “suffered death under Diocletian, by decapitation, after being whipped and having his flesh torn with iron combsIt is difficult to say how the invention (of wool combing) came to be attributed to him; but it had probably no better origin than the circumstance of his being tortured with the instruments used in the combing of wool.” 5 It is the family of Hulagu, and the tribes who followed his standard from the north, whom our author always designates by the name of Oriental Tartars, to distinguish them from the descendants of Batu, who settled near the Wolga, on the north−western side of the Caspian, and extended their conquests towards Europe; whilst the former entered Persia from the Eastern quarter, by the way of Transexiana and Khorasan. Chapter IV. Of Armenia Major, in which are the Cities of Arzingan, Argiron, and Darziz—Of the Castle of Paipurth—Of the Mountain where the Ark of Noah rested—Of the Boundaries of the Province—And of a remarkable Fountain of Oil. ARMENIA Major is an extensive province, at the entrance of which is a city named Arzingan, 1 where there is a manufacture of very fine cotton cloth called bombazines, 2 as well as of many other curious fabrics, which it would be tedious to enumerate. It possesses the handsomest and most excellent baths of warm water, issuing from the earth, that are anywhere to be found. 3 Its inhabitants are for the most part native Armenians, but under the dominion of the Tartars. In this province there are many cities, but Arzingan is the principal, and the seat of an archbishop; and the next in consequence are Argiron 4 and Darziz. 5 It is very extensive, and, in the summer season, the station of a part of the army of the Eastern Tartars, on account of the good pasture it affords for their cattle; but on the approach of winter they are obliged to change their quarters, the fall of snow being so very deep that the horses could not find subsistence, and for the sake of warmth and fodder they proceed to the southward. Within a castle named Paipurth, 6 which you meet with in going from Trebisond to Tauris, there is a rich mine of silver. 7 In the central part of Armenia stands an exceedingly large and high mountain, upon which, it is said, the ark of Noah rested, and for this reason it is termed the mountain of the ark. 8 The circuit of its base cannot be compassed in less than two days. The ascent is impracticable on account of the snow towards the summit, which never melts, but goes on increasing by each successive fall. In the lower region, however, near the plain, the melting of the snow fertilizes the ground, and occasions such an abundant vegetation, that all the cattle which collect there in summer from the neighbouring country, meet with a never−failing supply. 9 Bordering upon Armenia, to the south−west, are the districts of Mosul and Maredin, which shall be described hereafter, and many others too numerous to particularize. To the north lies Zorzania, near the confines of which there is a fountain of oil which discharges so great a quantity as to furnish loading for many camels. 10 The use made of it is not for the purpose of food, but as an unguent for the cure of cutaneous distempers in men and cattle, as well as other complaints; and it is also good for burning. In the neighbouring country no other is used in their lamps, and people come from distant parts to procure it. 1 Arzengân, or, as written by the Arabians, who have not the Persian g, Arzenjân, is a city near the frontier of Rumiyah, but just within the limits of Armenia Major. “Cette ville,” says D'Herbelot, “appartient plutôt à l'Arménie, et fut prise par les Mogols ou Tartares l an 640 de l'Hégire, de J. C. 1242, après la défaite de Kaikhosrou, fils d'Aladin le Selgiucide, aussi bien que les villes de Sébaste et de Césarée.” By an oriental geographer it is said to be, “Oppidum celeberrimum, elegans, amænum, copiosum bonis rebus, incolisque: pertinens ad Armeniam: inter Rumæas provincias et Chalatam situm, haud procul Arzerroumo: esseque incolas ejus maixmam partem Armenios” Alberti Schultens Index Geographicus in Vitam Saladini. Josaphat Barbaro, a Venetian, who travelled into Persia, in the fifteenth century, speaks of Arsengan as a place that had formerly been of consequence, but was then mostly in ruins. 2 The name of a species of cloth which I have here translated “bombazine,” is in the Italian of Ramusio, “bochassini di bambagio,” and in the Latin versions “buchiranus, buchyramis, and bucaramus.” Its substance or texture is not clearly explained in our dictionaries. That of Cotgrave, printed in 1611, defines “boccasin,” to be “a kind of fine buckeram, that hath a resemblance of taffata, and is much used for lining; also the stuffe callimanco.” But this, it is evident, cannot apply to a manufacture of bombagio or cotton; and the Vocabolario della Crusca, as well as the Glossary of Du Cange, speak of “bucherame bianchissima,” and “bucherame bambagino,” and both of them quote our author for the use of the word. All the examples convey the idea of fine, white, and soft cotton cloth; the reverse of what is now called buckram. The early Latin text speaks of boccorame and bambace as two distinct things. 3 Natural warm baths are found in many parts of Asia Minor, and particularly near Ancyra, the modern Angora or Anguri, which are still much frequented. Their situation is denoted by the word Thermæ, in Rennell's map explanatory of the Retreat of the Ten thousand. They are also spoken of at Teflis in Georgia; The Travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian 35 but of their existence at Arzengan I have not been able to find notice in the works of the Eastern geographers. 4 Argiron, or, in the Latin versions, Argyron, is a corruption of Arzerrûm, Erzerûm, or Arzen er−rûm, a distinctive name given to a city called Arzen, as being the last strong place, in that direction, belonging to the Greek empire. “Arzerrûm,” says Abulfeda, “est extremus finis regionum Rumæorum ab oriente. In ejus orientali et septentrionali latere est fons Euphratis.” 5 Darziz, which in the Basle edition is Darzirim, in the older Latin, Arziu, and in the Italian epitomes, Arciri and Arziri, is the town now called Arjîs, situated on the border of the Lake Van, anciently named Arsissa palus. “Argish,” says Macdonald Kinneir, “is a town containing six thousand inhabitants, situated on the north−west side of the lake, three days' journey from Van. There are four islands in the lake, on one of which is an Armenian monastery, and three hundred priests.” Memoir of the Persian Empire, pp. 328, 329. These places, it may be observed, lay in our author's returning route, from Tauris to Trebisond. 6 Paipurth, the Baiburt of D' Anville's and Rennell's maps, is situated among the mountains, in a northerly direction from Arzerrûm. As the word purt signifies a castle in the Armenian language, and as the Arabian geographers, from not having the letter p in their alphabet, are obliged to substitute the b, it is probable that the former is the more genuine orthography. This castle is particularly noted by Josaphat Barbaro, who says, “Partendo d' essa (Trabisonda) per andar à Thaurisil primo luogo notabile che si trova, è uno castello in piano in una valle d' ognitorno circondata da monti, nominato Baiburth, castel forte e muratoCinque giornate piu in la, si trova ArsenganPoi si ritrova un castello nominato Carpurth.”—Viaggio in Persia, p. 48, ed. 1545, 12mo. 7 Although this particular mine may have been exhausted, silver mines are known to exist in this part of Armenia. 8 The mountain of Armenia (the Ararat of Scripture) upon which the ark is believed by the Christians of that country to have rested, stands not far from the city of Erivan or Irwân. The Mahometans, however, assign to it a different situation. “L'opinion commune des Orientaux,” says D'Herbelot, “est que l'arche de Noë s'arrêta sur la montagne de Gioudi, qui est une des croupes du mont Taurus ou Gordiæus en Arménie, et cette tradition est autorisé en ce pays−là par plusieurs histoires qui approchent fort de la fable.” “Joudi,” says Ibn Haukal, “is a mountain near Nisibin. It is said that the ark of Noah (to whom be peace,) rested on the summit of this mountain.” Ouseley's translation, p. 60. Major Rennell observes, that Jeudi is the part of the Carduchian mountains opposite to the Jezirat ibn Omar, and that the dervishes keep a light burning there, in honour of Noah and his ark. 9 This fertility of the country in the vicinity of the mountains, is noticed by Moses Chorenensis, who says, “Habet autem Araratia montes camposque, atque omnem fæcunditatem.”—Geographia, p. 361. 10 Springs of petroleum or earth (properly, rock) oil, are found in many parts of the world. The spring or fountain here spoken of is that of Baku in Shirvan, on the border of the Caspian. “Near to this place,” says John Cartwright, in what are termed the Preacher's Travels, “is a very strange and wonderful fountain under ground, out of which there springeth and issueth a marvellous quantity of black oyl, which serveth all the parts of Persia to burn in their houses; and they usually carry it all over the country upon kine and asses, whereof you shall oftentimes meet three or four hundred in company.”—Oxford Coll. of Voyages, vol. i. (vii.) p. 731. Strahlenberg speaks of this as a spring of white naphtha, which he distinguishes from the black sort of bitumen; but the most satisfactory account of both white and black naphtha in this district is given by Kæmpfer, in his Amænitates Exoticæ, p. 274−281. 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In 1981, oceanographer Stanislav Kurilov defied the Soviet Union's iron grip, escaping through a daring leap off a cruise ship into the Philippine Sea. His incredible journey, marked by challenges and resilience, symbolizes the relentless pursuit of freedom, resonating as a beacon of hope against oppressive regimes, inspiring even today. < Back Jumped overboard from a cruise ship to escape from USSR In 1981, oceanographer Stanislav Kurilov defied the Soviet Union's iron grip, escaping through a daring leap off a cruise ship into the Philippine Sea. His incredible journey, marked by challenges and resilience, symbolizes the relentless pursuit of freedom, resonating as a beacon of hope against oppressive regimes, inspiring even today. The year is 1981. The Soviet Union's grip on its citizens is ironclad, escape seemingly impossible. While the West enjoyed relative freedom and prosperity, the countries behind the Iron Curtain experienced varying degrees of political repression, economic hardship, and limited personal liberties. Yet there were those who had a dream, an inner unstoppable force moved them to freedom and to their goals! One of them was the antagonist of this article oceanographer Stanislav Kurilov. Kurilov's early maritime ambitions were dashed by a vision problem, rendering him ineligible for naval careers. Following military service, he pursued oceanography while exploring scuba diving, yoga, and meditation. Employed at the Institute of Oceanology and the Marine Biology Institute, he encountered constraints on overseas expeditions due to multiple factors. Yoga and meditation helped Kurilov develop excellent physical and mental shape Possible reasons included Kurilov's exposure to chemical warfare during military service, his father's status as a World War II prisoner of war, or Kurilov's "foreign connection" through his sister's marriage to an Indian citizen who later immigrated to Canada. Consequently, his fieldwork remained confined to Soviet coastal waters, specifically the Black Sea and Sea of Japan, focusing on Soviet underwater research stations in the Black Sea. Resentment mounted when joint projects with Jacques-Yves Cousteau were thwarted by passport denials. Instead, the Soviets dispatched another group, "without diving experience, but with [exit] visas," prompting Cousteau to refuse collaboration. Alas, all these rejections only intensified his yearning for freedom. In December 1974, Kurilov boarded Soviet cruise liner “Sovetsky Soyuz”, leaving for a tour advertised as a "Cruise from the winter into the summer". That same Soviet cruise liner “Sovetsky Soyuz" Meticulously planning his escape, Kurilov studied the route of the cruise ship, which would pass through the Philippine Sea near Siargao Island. Armed with a snorkeling mask, fins, and an unwavering determination, he waited for the right moment. Under the cover of darkness, on December 13th, 1974, he took the plunge, leaping into the unforgiving ocean amidst stormy weather. Due to problems with navigation and currents, the planned eighteen kilometers turned into almost a hundred. For three agonizing days, Kurilov battled the waves, relying on his swimming skills and sheer willpower to stay afloat. Guided by the stars and the faint hope of reaching land, he defied hunger, exhaustion, and the ever-present fear of sharks. Miraculously, on the third day, a powerful wave propelled him onto the shores of Siargao Island, where he was found by local villagers. Kurilov's escape sparked international attention, becoming a symbol of defiance against Soviet oppression. The story of his incredible journey captured the imagination of the world, highlighting the lengths people would go to for freedom. In the USSR he was sentenced to 10 years in prison for treason. But after a period of scrutiny by Philippine authorities, he was ultimately granted asylum in Canada, where he started a new life filled with the freedom he so desperately craved. In Canada, Kurilov first worked as a laborer in a pizzeria, then worked for Canadian and American companies involved in marine research (searching for minerals in the Hawaiian Islands, working in the Arctic, oceanographic research in equatorial waters). Map of the location and route of the cruise liner In 1986, having married E. Gendeleva, he settled in Israel and became an employee of the Haifa Oceanographic Institute. In 1986, the Israeli magazine “22” published Kurilov’s story “Escape” in full. Excerpts from the story were published in 1991 in the Soviet-Russian magazine “Ogonyok”. Kurilov died on January 29, 1998 while diving on Lake Tiberias in Israel. While freeing the equipment installed at the bottom from fishing nets, Kurilov got entangled in the nets and ran out of air. He was buried in Jerusalem in a little-known cemetery of the German Templer community. Kurilov's story serves as a powerful reminder that the human spirit can overcome even the most formidable obstacles. His daring escape not only secured his own freedom but also became a beacon of hope for others yearning to break free from oppressive regimes. Even today, his tale continues to inspire and remind us that the pursuit of freedom is a journey worth taking, no matter the price. 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I had been considering writing about this for a long time but hesitated, feeling a bit shy about attributing a rare phenomenon that had never been described before. However, with my last article in 2025, I decided to dedicate it to this subject. I will call it Suren Syndrome… let’s dive in. < Back From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome I had been considering writing about this for a long time but hesitated, feeling a bit shy about attributing a rare phenomenon that had never been described before. However, with my last article in 2025, I decided to dedicate it to this subject. I will call it Suren Syndrome… let’s dive in. Stendhal Syndrome You may have already heard of Stendhal Syndrome . If not, here’s a brief overview: Stendhal Syndrome, also called Florence Syndrome, is a psychosomatic condition involving rapid heartbeat, confusion, hallucinations, and even fainting, allegedly triggered when individuals are exposed to objects, artworks, or phenomena of exceptional beauty. The syndrome is named after the 19th-century French author Stendhal (pseudonym of Marie-Henri Beyle), who described his own experience with it during his 1817 visit to Florence, Italy, in his book Naples and Florence: A Journey from Milan to Reggio . When he visited the Basilica of Santa Croce, where Niccolò Machiavelli, Michelangelo, and Galileo Galilei are buried, he was overwhelmed with profound emotion. Stendhal wrote: "I was in a sort of ecstasy, from the idea of being in Florence, close to the great men whose tombs I had seen. Absorbed in the contemplation of sublime beauty… I reached the point where one encounters celestial sensations…" The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli (1480s) and The Birth of Astghik by Smbatyan (1982) Suren Syndrome While Stendhal Syndrome is mostly triggered by Renaissance artworks, Suren Syndrome occurs when encountering Soviet monumental art. In my case, the first time I experienced a similar mental and physical state was when I saw the mural shown below. My heart raced, it felt as if blood rushed straight to my brain, and I struggled to focus. There was a strange inner force pushing me to run from corner to corner, capturing as many photos as possible. I call this reaction Suren Syndrome . This is the fresco I first saw inside an abandoned chemical factory. That initial encounter threw me into a mental and physical state I later named Suren Syndrome. Later, I experienced it several more times. Another instance was when I first saw Garnik Smbatyan’s massive mosaic, The Birth of Astghik , or the “Sasuntsiner” fresco by Sargis Muradyan. The same overwhelming combination of awe and energy took over me, leaving me both mentally and physically exhilarated. A more recent account of Stendhal Syndrome occurred in 2018, when a visitor to the Uffizi Gallery in Florence suffered a heart attack while admiring Sandro Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus. The mosaic I encountered in Armenia seems to evoke the same overwhelming effect, inspired by Botticelli’s masterpiece. Gallery You May Also Like Grigor Khanjyan’s Monumental Fresco at the Yerevan Cascade From Stendhal Syndrome to Suren Syndrome Tirinkatar Sacred Valley: Armenia’s High-Altitude Valley of Dragon Stones How to Choose a Local Guide in Armenia Komitas Pantheon in Yerevan Gallery of Mineral Waters in Jermuk Shvanidzor’s 17th-Century Aqueduct: Armenia’s Ancient Engineering Marvel Guide in Armenia

The Armenian Genocide stands as one of the most tragic and harrowing events of the 20th century, during which an estimated 1.5 million Armenians lost their lives at the hands of the Ottoman Empire. Throughout history, numerous renowned figures from various fields have spoken out against this horrific chapter of human tragedy, condemning the atrocities committed and advocating for justice. Here, we delve into some of the poignant statements, (in this list I also included the cynical quote by Adolf Hitler), made by famous individuals regarding the Armenian Genocide. < Back Quotes about the Armenian Genocide The Armenian Genocide stands as one of the most tragic and harrowing events of the 20th century, during which an estimated 1.5 million Armenians lost their lives at the hands of the Ottoman Empire. Throughout history, numerous renowned figures from various fields have spoken out against this horrific chapter of human tragedy, condemning the atrocities committed and advocating for justice. Here, we delve into some of the poignant statements, (in this list I also included the cynical quote by Adolf Hitler), made by famous individuals regarding the Armenian Genocide. "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" - Adolf Hitler In a chilling speech delivered on August 22, 1939, Adolf Hitler, the notorious dictator of Nazi Germany, referred to the Armenian Genocide as a blueprint for his own genocidal ambitions. This statement highlights Hitler's belief that the world would turn a blind eye to his own heinous crimes against humanity, echoing the impunity with which the perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide operated. "Armenia is dying, but it will survive. The little blood that is left is precious blood that will give birth to a heroic generation. A nation that does not want to die, does not die." - Anatole France (1926) "All that I have seen and heard surpasses all imagination. Speaking of 'thousand and one horrors' is very little in this case. I thought I was passing through a part of hell... everywhere it is the same Governmental barbarism which aims at the systematic annihilation through starvation of the survivors of the Armenian nation in Turkey." - August Bernau "I have the honor to report to the Embassy about one of the most severe measures ever taken by any government and one of the greatest tragedies in all history." - Leslie A. Davis A painting by Suren Safarian, 1988 "The massacres that started in 1915 have nothing to compare with the history of mankind. The massacres by Abdul Hamid are minor in comparison to what today's Turks have done." - Fritdjof Nansen (1915) "The Turks were now making a thorough and systematic job of killing Armenian men. The squads of soldiers... were chiefly engaged in hunting down and killing Armenians." - George Horton "The Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust were the quintessential instances of genocide in the modern era." - Robert Melson "Thirty thousand Kurds and a million Armenians were killed in Turkey. Almost no one dares speak but me, and the nationalists hate me for that." - Orhan Pamuk "The legacy of the Armenian Genocide is woven into the fabric of America." - Adam Schiff "Turks continued their previous policy. They would not stop commit massive and most awful massacres that even Leng Timur would not dare do." - Valeri Brusov (1917) "Like the genocide of the Armenians before it, and the genocide of the Cambodians which followed it, ... the lessons of the Holocaust must never be forgotten." - Ronald Reagan The Armenian Genocide Memorial complex in a foggy weather "It was not war. It was most certainly massacre and genocide, something the world must remember... We will always reject any attempt to erase its record, even for some political advantage." - Yossi Beilin "The association of Mount Ararat and Noah, the staunch Christians who were massacred periodically by the Mohammedan Turks, and the Sunday School collections over fifty years for alleviating their miseries—all cumulate to impress the name Armenia on the front of the American mind." - Herbert Hoover These statements from influential figures underscore the enduring legacy of the Armenian Genocide and the ongoing quest for truth, justice, and recognition. Despite decades of denial and indifference, the voices of those who speak out against genocide serve as beacons of hope and solidarity, ensuring that the victims are never forgotten and that history never repeats itself. It is through remembrance, acknowledgment, and collective action that we honor the memory of the Armenian martyrs and strive for a world free from the scourge of genocide. 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